Background and Impact of The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The fight against racial injustice did not end after the passage of the  Civil Rights Act of 1964, but the law did allow activists to meet their major goals. The legislation came to be after President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Congress to pass a comprehensive civil rights bill. President John F. Kennedy had proposed such a bill in June of 1963, mere months before his death, and Johnson used Kennedys memory to convince Americans that the time had come to address the problem of segregation. Background of the Civil Rights Act After the end of Reconstruction, white Southerners regained political power and set about reordering race relations. Sharecropping became the compromise that ruled the Southern economy, and a number of African-Americans moved to Southern cities, leaving farm life behind. As the black population in Southern cities grew, whites began passing restrictive segregation laws, demarcating urban spaces along racial lines. This new racial order -- eventually nicknamed the Jim Crow era -- did not go unchallenged. One notable court case that resulted from the new laws ended up before the Supreme Court in 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy was a 30-year-old shoemaker in June of 1892 when he decided to take on Louisianas Separate Car Act, delineating separate train cars for white and black passengers. Plessys act was a deliberate decision to challenge the legality of the new law. Plessy was racially mixed--seven-eighths white--and his very presence on the whites-only car threw into question the one-drop rule, the strict black-or-white definition of race of the late 19th-century U.S. When Plessys case went before the Supreme Court, the justices decided that Louisianas Separate Car Act was constitutional by a vote of 7 to 1. As long as separate facilities for blacks and whites were equal-- separate but equal -- Jim Crow laws did not violate the Constitution. Up until 1954, the U.S. civil rights movement challenged Jim Crow laws in the courts based on facilities not being equal, but that strategy changed with Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) when Thurgood Marshall argued that separate facilities were inherently unequal. And then came the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, the sit-ins of 1960 and the Freedom Rides of 1961. As more and more African-American activists risked their lives to expose the harshness of Southern racial law and order in the wake of the Brown decision, the federal government, including the president, could no longer ignore segregation. The Civil Rights Act Five days after Kennedys assassination, Johnson announced his intention to push through a civil rights bill: We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights. We have talked for 100 years or more. It is time now to write the next chapter, and to write it in the books of law. Using his personal power in the Congress to get the needed votes, Johnson secured its passage and signed it into law in July 1964. The first paragraph of the act states as its purpose To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. The bill prohibited racial discrimination in public and outlawed discrimination in places of employment. To this end, the act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination. The act ended the piecemeal strategy of integration by ending Jim Crow once and for all. The Impact of the Law The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not end the civil rights movement, of course. White Southerners still used legal and extralegal means to deprive black Southerners of their constitutional rights. And in the North, de facto segregation meant that often African-Americans lived in the worst urban neighborhoods and had to attend the worst urban schools.  But because the act took a forceful stand  for civil rights, it ushered in a new era in which Americans could seek legal redress for civil rights violations. The act not only led the way for the Voting Rights Act of 1965 but also paved the way for programs like affirmative action.

Taking a Look at Cybercrime - 1112 Words

Cybercrime The misuse of computer systems has been a prevalent issue ever since the invention of computers. In this digital age, cybercrime is the fastest growing categories of crime facing many nations. It is pervasive and epidemic, threating billions of computer users and causing damages worth in billions. Every year, the numbers of attacks are increasing in numbers and complexity. And as we become more reliant on information systems, our security and privacy are in increasingly constant threat of compromise. When planning online crime, cybercriminals employ different tactics for various reasons. Their intention can be stealing money, obtaining valuable data, or simply revenge. When the Internet was created, security was not taken into account. Most of the technologies we depend on today have no effective security. The security issues of the internet are due to software thinking everyone is playing by the rules. The design flaw allows cybercriminals to exploit and deliberately cause softwa re to perform tasks that not designed to do. Identity theft, hacking, spamming, and digital piracy---these are the few prevalent forms of cybercrimes. Identity theft is increasingly becoming a prevalent form of cybercrime. Cybercriminals misrepresent themselves by pretending to some else and use others personal information to open accounts or use accounts that already exist. In 2014 â€Å" 22 million Americans had been victimized by..† These crimes cost business and consumers overShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Cybercrime1019 Words   |  4 Pagesuser. The Effect of the cybercrime This cybercrime doesnt give any good effect it is because it not worth by making the cyber crime. By sending a virus to a programmed it can destroy the data above the computer with programmed that eliminated file or put out comprehensive through disk. The impact of the virus is depend on how the it was programmed by the person who create the virus whether it is strong or weak virus that harm to the data of the person. This cybercrime like virus transmission,Read MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals, both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using compute rs and networks; also known as Hacking. Cybercrimes are a major issue individual face in today s society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown rapidly over the last decade. Technology is available toRead MoreTrends in Cybercrime1083 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime is nothing to new in this day and time; this has been a problem for many since the early onset of the 80’s. Although much seems to have been done to combat cybercrime over the years, criminals still have an advantage edge. With IT experts, companies see now just how important it is to involve law enforcement in the efforts to fight against computer crime. Computer cybercrime as we know it today is now used as potentially illegal activities. Many issues surroundingRead MoreCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesequivalent of more than one third of the world’s total population, had access to the internet in 2011. The study also forecasted that by 2020, the number of networked devices will outnumber people by six to one which could sharply increase the rate of cybercrime. The definition of cyber-crime or computer crime mostly depends on the purpose of using the item. It can be any act of crime that is conducted by a computer over a network. The victim does not even have to know the perpetrator for a crime to beRead MoreCybercrime Bigger Than Terrorism : Cybercrime1275 Words   |  6 PagesCybercrime bigger than Terrorism. â€Å"There are two kinds of people in America today: those who have experienced a foreign cyber attack and know it, and those who have experienced a foreign cyber attack and don t know it.† (Frank Wolf). The world has become more connected today than ever before. The world’s technology is growing larger and the internet’s traffic is boosting. Major internet-related industries are doubling profits because of the online traffic. With all the wonderful and positive thingsRead MoreCybercrime And Cybersecurity : Cybercrime1324 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor T’Mars McCallum CSCI 101 2 April 2017 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity In today’s day and age cybercrime and cybersecurity are serious subjects. Now, back in the day say our parents or grandparents time those weren’t even real topics or non-existent. Cybercrime (hacking) and cybersecurity are still both fairly new and with newness comes problems. Such as, not fully understanding and knowing the ins and outs. Merriam-Webster states that cybercrime is, â€Å"crime (as theft, fraud, intellectual propertyRead MoreCyber Security : The New Wave Of Social Media1604 Words   |  7 Pages Cyber Security If you were to look around a room of young adults or teens today, you would likely notice an eerie silence. A silence accompanied with most of these individuals staring down at their cellphones, the sound of conversation is exchanged for the sound of clicking keys. It’s no secret; this generation relies on their phones and the internet much like food and water. It’s a necessity. With the new wave of social media, which is being used by an alarming 78% of U.S. citizens, theRead MoreCountry Girl Jewelry1509 Words   |  6 PagesThere are now larger issues requiring the Security Department to be responsible for secure transactions for online clients, the personal financial data of all concerned, and a safe and secure network situation). Our first step in this process is to look at the situation carefully and, especially in the era of globalization, manage our security risk level by first considering our risk level. Basic risk management for any organization encomp asses six general parameters 1) The identification of a riskRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Our Daily Lives1540 Words   |  7 Pages The widespread use of internet in our daily lives has brought upon not just positive outcomes, but also negative outcomes an example being cybercrime. We find that the internet is the fastest growing technological infrastructure development in today’s modern world. This is evident due to the emergence of a digital platform trend. The increasing demand of the internet and computers has led to the adoption of computer technology into products that initially used to perform without the

Literacy Narrative Free Essays

Literacy Narrative The anticipation of knowing whether we were going to be champions or not was very high as we played our hearts out on the court. Everything we’d practiced for was being put to the test in this one moment. It all came down to this last lay-up. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now Did we get the point? When I was eleven years old I played recreational basketball with a nearby playground called Susan Park. Me and my little brother both were involved in almost every sport they offered. My favorites were volleyball and basketball. Going to practice was the highlight of my day. I really put my heart into these sports. Our basketball team this particular year was undefeated. As a post player and shooting guard there was a lot of pressure on me to get the ball to the goal at any cost and that’s ultimately what I did in every game. It was our championship game and the heat was on like never before. Recruiters from the All-Stars team were there to watch us and pick their favorites so the pressure was definitely on for the players who were looking to take it to the next level. The game starts and we’re all basically in the warm-up stage of the game we’d score, they’d score, nothing too intense. All of a sudden we start getting into the climax of the game, only about five minutes left. We were only two points away from beating them and it was up to one person on our team to step up and go for the game winning lay-up, that person was me. There were a few seconds left of the game and we still had to get up the court and to the goal. As the referee blew the whistle my heart sank but I knew what I had to do. The ball was passed to me and with no hesitation I ran down the court as if I was the only person out there and went up for the lay-up like a pro and I made it! This was definitely the best day of my life. The crowd rushed towards me and picked me up just like in the movies, I felt like a star! After the crowd and everything calmed down and came to an end a recruiter from the all-star team came up to me and extended invitation for me to tryout and hopefully being a member of the team. I was ecstatic about the opportunity and I did make it and went on to play for the Kenner All-Stars. This was definitely a memorable moment in my life and taught me to always go for even the things in life that you may doubt or be nervous about. Not all things are impossible. How to cite Literacy Narrative, Essays Literacy Narrative Free Essays Kyle Crifasi Richard English IV, 1B 31 August 2011 Literacy Narrative Typically, people think of reading when they see a novel or a short story, but I think of reading when I’m out on the baseball field. When I hear the word â€Å"reading†, unlike most people, I think of a green grassy baseball diamond at night, with the lights lighting it up, filled with fans in the stands. Believe it or not, I read all the time on the field. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now I read the ball coming off the bat when I’m playing in the field. When I hear the â€Å"ding† of the metal bat and hard, rubber ball colliding, I know that there is a chance I could make a great play. I can see the ball getting bigger and bigger as in approaches me. I read the ball coming out of the pitcher’s hand, picking up the spin as soon as I can so I can know when and where to swing to make solid contact with the ball. I even read people’s body language when I’m pitching. I can tell a lot about the batter by how he’s standing and the facial expression on his face. Learning how to read all of these things took lots of practice and discipline. Throughout the years, all of my coaches have stressed how important it is to react to what I see through my â€Å"readings†. I learned to read these things when I was just a little four foot tall, 60-pound kid. A bit after I started to learn how to read words on paper, I was learning to read on the field, too. I find the reading that I do on the field much more fun than reading a book or story. I believe that my love for baseball grew because I felt a connection with the type of reading it involved rather than the kind of reading done with books. These readings are important to me so I can do my job and be the best player I can be on the field. When I’m at bat, I have to read the spin on the ball as it comes out of the pitcher’s hand as fast as I can so I can react with the perfect swing at the best time in the right location. If I don’t read it correctly or if a pitch fools me, I swing and miss. I’ll have to deal with striking out for the rest of the game until I get my next chance to show what I can do. When I’m in the outfield, my job is to catch anything that’s hit into my area. I have to be able to read the ball right when it makes a connection with the opposing batter’s bat. I have to know how high its going, how hard its hit, which way it’s spinning, and which way the wind will blow it. If I read one of these things wrong, it could turn out to be bad for the team and embarrassing for me if I miss it. Coach Broussard would always tell me to look into the opposing batter’s eyes when I pitch. That intimidating look that a pitcher can give will really get in the batter’s head. He will be wondering hundreds of different thoughts before I throw the ball exactly where I want it. I’m the one in control and he is just going through his mind trying to figure out, or guess, which pitch I’m about to throw him. After a couple pitches, when I have him right where I want him, I can play around with his mind even more. I can throw anything I want and I can even waste a couple bad pitches hoping he’ll swing and miss, just to make him look stupid. When I can read all of these things correctly, that’s when I can play the best and it’s because of my coaches and what they have taught me that have made me so great at â€Å"reading†. Reading is important in my life not only on the field but in the classroom as well. Without learning how to truly read and write, I would not be able to accomplish anything in life. I remember when I first learned to read. I was about three years old and my mom would read books to me and I would follow along with her. She would read the books with the gold spines and they were always books that made me happy and I was always happy to read them. I always enjoyed reading back then more than I do now. The books that I read now, I’m usually forced to read and they usually aren’t interesting to me. To me, reading means many things, not only the reading of text on a page but actions of others and myself as well. Most other people may not say that they will think of baseball games when thinking of how they read in real life, but I view the game of baseball that way and I like to share about how I can read in many different ways in life. Reading books is definitely not one of my favorite hobbies to do, but every once in a while I will find a good book that will catch my interest for the next couple of months. My learning experience from reading on the field has taught me another meaning of literacy that I would not have realized if I had not thought about what reading really meant to me. I can now understand how I use reading in all different aspects of my life better, and not just in the classroom but throughout my everyday activities, like baseball. Words: 1000 How to cite Literacy Narrative, Essays Literacy Narrative Free Essays It all started in middle school. I had my first â€Å"real† English class where we had to actually read, write, and do work ourselves. It was a rude awakening because I was never a fan of writing, especially on my own. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now I remember the countless nights of struggling to write even a single paragraph. I would sit at my desk staring at the computer screen, hoping sentences would somehow magically appear. I would always wonder why I had to write this because I thought it would not be relevant to any career I would have in the future. Ever since I was a kid I have always liked math and science more than English. They seemed to come naturally to me, and I did much better in those types of classes. However, as time went by, my English and writing skills began to somewhat improve. In high school, my freshman and sophomore year English classes were not too bad. There was the occasional essay where we had to write maybe two pages. Because of this though, I became a better writer and thinker. I was never too worried when we would get assigned an essay because I could usually knock it out in a few hours the night before it was due, and still get a pretty good grade on it. However, this all changed my junior year. When I discovered that my English teacher in my junior year was Mr. Kuhn, I began to get very worried. All I heard from his past students was that he was a very strict grader who only liked a certain style of writing; and if you did not write his way you suffered the consequences. Unfortunately, when I was assigned the first essay I did not take it as seriously as I should have. I procrastinated once again and wrote this haphazard essay in a mere hour and a half. When Mr. Kuhn returned our graded essays to us, I was all but surprised to see that I got a C-, which was the lowest essay grade I had gotten. Out of disappointment in myself, I promised that I would do my best to not procrastinate and dedicate more time to this class. As my junior year went by, I felt as if I were going back to middle school. I would spend hours looking at a blank computer screen, trying to think of the perfect thing to write so I could get a good grade, even though that was unlikely. Based on how the year was going, one could only imagine how  distraught I was when my teacher assigned us an eight-page research paper. I kept thinking, â€Å"If I am having so much trouble writing three to four page essays, how could I possibly write an eight-page essay? † On the bright side, however, the topic of this paper was to pick a side of a controversial or opinionated issue, and use sources to help explain why you think it is right. After several days of failed topics, as well as stress build-up, a light bulb finally lit up over my head. Ever since I was younger, I have always taken an interest to past wars and the leaders who fought in them. I guess it was because several of my family members fought in wars. Nevertheless, I came up with the issue of how Robert E. Lee, general of the Confederate Army in the Civil War, should be considered an American hero. I felt that most people regarded him as a traitor who should be condemned, while I believed that he was a respected man who did not fight for slavery, but for honor and family. I finally found something I could write that I considered fascinating, and I was extremely excited about it. After a few weeks of writing and revising, I eventually finished the essay, making it exactly the way I wanted it. This was one of the very few papers that I actually felt confident about as I handed it in to my teacher. When Mr. Kuhn returned the essays, I was astounded to see that I got a 97. It was the highest essay grade that I got in his class, and I could tell that he was fairly impressed. To this day, that research paper is my finest piece of work, but I am still eager to put my English skills to the test and become a better writer. How to cite Literacy Narrative, Essays Literacy Narrative Free Essays Literacy Narrative Learning to read, write, and compose is a major part of every human beings life and if your guided and/or helped to becoming a good reader, writer, or composer that is double the excellence. Learning to read, write, and compose is a privilege. Not all humans get this privilege of learning these special qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative or any similar topic only for you Order Now These qualities not only help you with other humans but with yourself in the rest of your life. These qualities or traits you obtain help you in everyday life to help you live a life at ease without the struggle of not being able to read, write, compose, and such. When I was very young, my parents would read to me every night I went to sleep. They would tell me â€Å"Austin, it’s time for bed,† and I would run to my room to my blue bookshelf that I had in the corner of my room. Now, they would be following close behind me and re-emphasize that I could only choose two books, but usually I convinced them to let me pick out three books instead. I loved having a ton of books when I was young and all of them made it to my bookshelf. My favorite books were â€Å"The Little Engine That Could† and another book that was about a bear that went outside to play and got ants in his pants. This book usually got a little giggle out of me as a child and oh how I loved my parents reading it and all the other books to me. This explains my sprint to my room every night as a youngster. Having my parents read to me at a very young age somewhat jumpstarted my brain and led me to learn lots of words and phrases as a kid. Being that they read to me every night, I always was listening and hearing words and even sometimes having an image to relate words to. I believe that the reading that was done for me every night before I went to bed was a large part of my learning to read. At this age, it was almost as if I’d rather not see the words, but just listen to them and look at all the pictures. As I grew up I started to really enjoy reading. I think that all the reading my parents did for me, encouraged me to become an avid reader then. At this age, I became the biggest fan of â€Å"The Magic Tree House† series by Mary Pope Osborne. I read these books from cover to cover and enjoyed every one of them. After finishing one of the books, I would love going and telling my parents all about the story line and what happened in it. When I would finish the last book that was published, I would pre-order the next book that was coming out and start reading it the day I got it. These books always drew my attention and most definitely sparked my likings for reading in elementary and middle school. In elementary and middle school my mom would always pick me and my little brother up. One thing I would always seem to notice is that my mom was usually on the phone so I couldn’t tell her about my day the second I got in the car, but when she eventually got off; my brother and I were full of words. We both loved talking and telling stories about our days. Whenever my dad would arrive home after work around 6 pm every night, I would notice he always got in and hit his desk with piles of papers and work to do that night. He would have some leisure time to read the paper and eat dinner but then he was paying bills and getting his deadlines met for work. My mom and dad always had these big complicated conversations in the kitchen too when I was around, usually about my dad’s work drama, with these words that I had no idea existed. As I grew up, my interest for books started to somewhat slip off the map. I didn’t always have a book that I was working on and I wasn’t ever really as excited to read like I was when I was much younger. The projects and homework started to pile up a lot more once school progressed from elementary school to middle school to high school and I feel that it almost eats away at my free time to do any casual reading anymore. When I did have a project or an interesting reading for homework though, I would enjoy doing the research and learning new things about the certain topics. When my love for books continued to fade away, I picked up a new hobby of reading magazines and the newspaper. I love reading things in the paper that I know have to do with my city and me and love reading an interesting magazine whether it’s the new edition of Sports Illustrated or the Hunting Gear Magazine full of cool articles about new weapons across the globe. I started reading the paper every morning and subscribing to interesting magazines on the internet that I just couldn’t get enough of. I believe that all my life experiences and my classes as a young child led me to being a very successful reader and writer. I feel that the reading and writing I learned and accomplished really helped me to be able to write more civilized and professional and allowed me to hold more professional conversations with my parents, friends, other adults, and so on. My early experiences with reading really led me to a more successful life in reading thanks to all the reading my parents contributed to me when I was younger. Like I said, I believe that the reading they did was the biggest help to my learning in reading and will lead me to having successful college years and having a successful career later in life. How to cite Literacy Narrative, Essays

Magazine essay free essay sample

I would agree because the limited amounts of money we have to spend should be used to help students grow academically rather than read magazines with no academic content. However, the libraries subscribing to the magazines IS not the best way to address this issue because they have little educational value and the limited amounts Of money available at schools should be used wisely. Classic such as Shakespearean plays have been used in English classes for centuries now. These pieces of literature educate the student about various areas of theEnglish language with its complexity, tone, and diction while also learning about the human life. Such complex books raise analytical questions, which helps them grow as intellectuals and human beings. Such deeper level thinking cannot be achieved from magazines and tabloids, which only serve as a distraction from what the student should really be working on. Limited funds are a common problem in all schools nowadays. We will write a custom essay sample on Magazine essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Money should be used sparingly on what is essential to a students academic needs.Although magazines may be less expensive, they are of less educational value, so there is no point in spending money on them. Todays time magazine will be just about useless a year from now compared to a book. Some people may argue that magazines are simply used to get a student to start reading so he/she can move on to reading better literature, but they are more likely to be a distraction than an educational lesson. Students may get used to the simple/slang language of the magazines and become perplexed and bored when they read more serious literature.The magazines could possibly make a reader lazier and in a way, dumber. That is why the focus of a school library should be to get the students to focus on academic work. Knowing the English language thoroughly is a major asset into getting into a good college education. This requires serious literature. This can only be properly learned through real novels, not magazines. A library subscribing to these magazines merely gives a student the option to look away from great works of art and science and to sink into the world of pop culture and gossip.

s Critical Thinking

I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ... 's Critical Thinking Free Essays on Walton\'s Critical Thinking I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ...

Bbc Internal Analysis Essay Example

Bbc Internal Analysis Essay Example Bbc Internal Analysis Essay Bbc Internal Analysis Essay Internal analysis SWOT analysis the strengths weakness, opportunities and weakness of a firm. The strength and weakness form the internal analysis whereas the opportunities and weakness form the external analysis. Strengths Strong financial Position BBC’s financial statements for the year 2009-2010 show an availability of ? 478 million and profits of ? 145 millions (BBC 2010). In relative terms BBC has been able to reduce its total costs by 40% from the levels of the year 2000 (BBC 2010). Within first two years of its efficiency plan a savings of ? 533 m has been achieved and is on target to achieve the target savings of almost ? 2billion (BBC 2010). Its total dividends for the year 2009/2010 were ? 74m an increase of ? 5m from the last year a significant achievement considering the global credit crunch in the modern day times (BBC 2010). http://downloads. bbc. co. uk/annualreport/pdf/bbc_ar_online_2009_10. pdf Strong Brand Name and reputation among customers BBC is the largest broadcaster in the world. ( edianewsline. com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13. html). The strong presence of the brand in the minds of the people can be judged from the figures during major events when the public trusts the news given by BBC over its competitors ( medianewsline. com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13. html) The financial statements show the BBC has net liabilities. In fact, the BBC has net assets of ? 1. 1billion, excluding the pension scheme deficit of ? 1. 6billion. The defici t represents a long- term liability(bbc 2010). Transmission services and many of other services are outsourced so that to bring some value for money. The net liabilities of ? 532million as at 31 March 2010 . BBC has been exempt from paying any corporation tax or any excess licence fee income as well as the grants which they get from any government departments. On the other hand BBC is answerable to pay corporation tax on capital gains plus it’s every external income. Capital asset expenditure is not entitled on capital allowance that may rise in small differences which lead towards overdue tax assets and liability. The BBC (UK Public Service Broadcasting, BBC World Service and BBC Monitoring) is not liable to corporation tax on any surplus licence fee income or grants received from Government departments. However, it is fully liable for corporation tax on capital gains and on all its other external income. Expenditure on capital assets is not eligible for capital allowances giving rise to temporary differences that would lead to deferred tax assets or liabilities.

Fruit Juices Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fruit Juices Marketing - Essay Example The product Fruit juices, in general, has a huge distribution channel and is easily available at any store or shop. The product is placed on a priority list by the vendors according to its popularity. The product uses mass marketing because the target market is not segmented. This is due to the popularity and attributes of the product. Places that have hot climate are ideal for placing fruit juices, as cold fruit juices are essential to re-establish the lost energy in hot and humid climates. The ideal placements of the product in a shop are the top shelves of the fridge so that the people coming in and going out can see the product easily. While studying the market and segment potential we realized that the middle and upper class had the most potential for our product because a fruit juice holding the qualities of both an energy drink and a fruit juice is currently not present in these segments of the market. The major decisions to be made in this phase are the marketing coverage tha t the product will have for example whether it would follow inclusive exclusive or selective distribution, transportation decisions would be made, Inventory management will involve all the aspects of the inventory, for example, a specific level of inventory that needs to be maintained. The vendors of the product also need to be decided. By inclusive coverage what we mean here is that the whole country would be covered to distribute the fruit juices to the vendors this is suitable when the product has a mass marketing strategy.... The concessions and discount offers are dependent on the factor that whether the company wants to capture the share of the market or whether they are just introducing the product or want to earn profits from the beginning. Place The product Fruit juices in general has a huge distribution channel and is easily available at any store or shop. The product is placed in a priority list by the vendors according to its popularity. The product uses mass marketing because the target market is not segmented. This is due to the popularity and attributes of the product. Places that have hot climate are ideal for placing fruit juices, as cold fruit juices are essential to re-establish the lost energy in hot and humid climates. The ideal placements of the product in a shop are the top shelves of the fridge so that the people coming in and going out can see the product easily. While studying the market and segment potential we realized that the middle and upper class had the most potential for our product because a fruit juice holding the qualities of both a energy drink and a fruit juice is currently not present in these segments of the market. The major decisions to be made in this phase are the marketing coverage that t he product will have for example whether it would follow inclusive exclusive or selective distribution, transportation decisions would be made, Inventory management will involve all the aspects of the inventory for example specific level of inventory that needs to be maintained. The vendors of the product also need to be decided. By inclusive coverage what we mean here is that the whole country would be covered to distribute the fruit juices to the vendors this is suitable when the product has a mass marketing strategy

Native Americans culture vs. Latin Americans culture Essay

Native Americans culture vs. Latin Americans culture - Essay Example It is natural that the representatives of one ethnical groups can have different types of character. Usually the peculiarities of ethnical groups are based on religious views. Though many forms of behavior have the cultural roots. The terms mainstream and ethnic minority point out and reinforce division in society, whereas the phrase multicultural society suggests that the different groups are a part of a whole. In every country society is still divided, with some groups receiving better treatment or having more opportunities than others, but many attempts have been made to reduce discrimination and increase harmony and understanding between people from all cultural backgrounds. According to Oxford Guide to British and American Culture (p123) it is an important empiric fact for racial-ethnical relationship in America (and all over the world): under the impact of immigration from different countries the variety of ethnical groups is increasing. We should not forget that the very racial-ethnical factor had given a special shade civilization to America. It is not surprising that now the problem of assimilation of many ethnical groups is current of importance. It is worth mentioning that a lot of problems for ethnical groups appear in the sphere of education. For example Latin Americans have great difficulties in schools because of weak knowledge in language and culture of Native American population. Immigrants from Latin America are the biggest and rapidly increasing part of ethnical minorities in US population. Usually they occupy rural territories. There is a remarkable peculiarity of Latin American’s culture: they actively resist assimilation with Native Americans. They try to preserve their national identity, mostly they speak Spanish and as a rule they live in their limited communities. L.S. Luedtke (1987, P.64) outlines that â€Å"the life of Native Americans was very difficult

Frank Special Filed a Claim Against Ivo A. Baux, M.D Case Study

Frank Special Filed a Claim Against Ivo A. Baux, M.D - Case Study Example However, medical examiner Barbara Wolf, who performed an autopsy, stated that no AFE was revealed, while it is usually revealed in such cases. The fault of Dr. Baux was actively disputed. Petitioner claimed that the testimony of the important witness, Gary Didly, M. D. was considered in the wrong way by Judge Kelley. Gary Didly was an expert invited by defendants to confirm that the cases of AFE are not so rare as it was stated by the experts invited by Plaintiff. After the cross-examination Special was sure that he undermined the conclusion made by Daily, however, the court did not accept that and considered this to be an impeachment. The judgment was made in favor of the Defendants and Dr. Baux was considered not guilty. Petitioner wanted to have a new trial stating that the medical center has an epidemic of amniotic fluid embolism. He applied to the Fourth District Court of Appeal, which stated that â€Å"[t]o avoid a new trial, the beneficiary of the error in the trial court must show on appeal that it is more likely than not that the error did not influence the trier of fact and thereby contribute to the verdict† Id. at 771. On October 19, 2007 the verdict was returned for Defendants. On June 23, 2010 majority opinion was issued stating that the error made by the judge who did not include the testimony of Gary Deadly, was minor and did not influence much the case and the verdict. Discretionary jurisdiction was considered not necessary because even if the case is reconsidered, the opposite verdict would not be reached in any case. The claim of Special was rejected and the case was not reconsidered. Special sued Dr. Baux because his wife died after her delivery. However, she was about 40 years old and had problems with health during her pregnancy. The results of delivery testify that the child was successfully delivered, thus spinal anesthesia was made properly.

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay Tensile test is a standard engineering procedure to characterize properties related to mechanical behavior of materials. The properties describe the response of the material during the actual loading conditions. The variation in geometry of the specimen has to be considered. Although the behavior of the material inside elastic limit is of considerable importance but the knowledge beyond elastic limit is also relevant but plastic effects with large deformation takes place in number of manufacturing processes. The Fracture toughness acts to stop the progress of fracture in a material. Fracture toughness vary according to the loading rate, environment, temperature, the composition of material and its microstructures together with geometric effects. These factors are important for welded joints when metallurgical and geometrical effects are complex. Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant, surface energy, fracture toughness and derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, surface energy per unit area / per unit mole, and fracture toughness using dynamic fatigue. life equation are presented in this chapter. 2.2 TENSILE TEST The engineering Tensile Test is also known as tension test which vary widely used for providing the base of the design information on the strength of material and as an acceptance test for the specification of the materials. Tensile Tests are very simple, relatively, inexpensive, and fully standardized. Under the pulling type of loading something, it can be very quickly determined how the material will react to the these type of forces being applied in tension. As the materials are being pulled, its strength and elongation can be find out. A lot of about a substance can be learned from tensile testing. As the machine continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete tensile profile is obtained. The curve shows how it reacted to the forces being applied. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing one directional tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the ductile specimen. Fig 2.1 shows a typical stress -strain diagram for mild steel. Fig 2.1: Typical Stress-Strain Curve for mild steel [1] A: Proportional limit B: Elastic limit C: Upper yield point D: Lower yield point E: Ultimate stress point F: Breaking point Proportional limit: Stress is a linear function of strain and the material obeys Hookes law. This proportionality extends upto point A and this point is called proportional limit or limit of proportionality. O-A is a straight line portion of the curve and its slope represents the value of modulus of elasticity. Elastic limit: Beyond proportional limit, stress and strain depart from straight line relationship. The material however, remains elastic upto state point B. The word elastic implies that the stress developed in the material is such that there is no residual or permanent deformation when the load is removed. Upto to this point, the deformation is reversible or recoverable. Stress at B is called the elastic limit stress; this represents the maximum unit stress to which a material can be subjected and is still able to return to its original form upon removal of load. Yield point: Beyond elastic limit, the material shows consideral strain even though there is no increase in load or stress. This strain is not fully recoverable, i.e., there is no tendency of the atoms to return to their original position. The behavior of the material is inelastic and the onset of plastic deformation is called yielding of the material. The point C is called the upper yield point and point D is the lower yield point. The difference between the upper and lower yield point is small and the quoted yield stress is usually the lower value. Ultimate strength or tensile strength: After yielding has taken place, the material becomes strain hardened (strength of the specimen increases) and an increase in load is required to take the material to its maximum stress at point E. Strain in this portion is about 100 times than that of the portion from O to D. Point E represents the maximum ordinate of the curve and the stress at this point is known either as ultimate stress or the tensile stress of the material. Breaking strength: In the portion EF, there is falling off the load (stress) from the maximum until fracture takes place at F. The point F is referred to as the fracture or breaking point and the corresponding stress is called the breaking stress [1]. The stress-strain curve is constructed from the load-elongation measurements (fig.2.2).The stress used in this stress-strain profile is the average longitudinal stress in the Tensile Test. It can be obtained by dividing the load by original area of cross-section of the specimen. Stress = (2.1) The strain used for the engineering stress-strain curve is the average linear strain, which is the rate of the elongation of gauge length of the specimen, and its original length. = = = (2.2) Fig 2.2: The Engineering Stress-Strain Curve [2] The magnitude and shape of the stress-strain curve of a metal will depend upon its prior history of plastic deformation, heat treatment, composition , and the strain rate, temperature, and state at which stress imposed during the testing. The different type of parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a metal are the percentage elongation, reduction of area, tensile strength and yield strength. The first two are ductility; the last two indicates strength parameters. In the zone of elastic limit, strain is measured by an extensometer attached to the gauge length. In the elastic limit stress is linear proportional to strain. When the load exceeds a value above the yield strength, the specimen undergoes to plastic deformation. It is permanently deformed if the load is released to zero. The stress, to produce continuous plastic deformation, increases with increasing plastic strain i.e. the metal strain-hardens [2] . The volume of the specimen remains constant during plastic deformation, = o o (2.3) Where = Final area of cross section of specimen = Final length of specimen o = Original area of cross section of specimen o = Original length of specimen And as specimen elongates, due to this it decreases uniformly in cross sectional area. At the beginning the strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and the engineering stress continues rises with increasing strain finally a point is arrived where the effect of decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is higher than the increase in deformation load arising from the strain hardening. This typical condition reaches first at some point in the specimen that is slightly weaker than the rest. The further non elastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. For the reason that the cross-sectional area now is decreasing far more rapid rate than the deformation load is increased by strain hardening, the actual amount of load required to deform the specimen falls and the engineering stress in the same way continues to decrease until fracture occurs. Many varieties of fractures can occur during the processing of m etals and their use in different types of application. One of them is the Ductile Fracture. [3] 2.2.1 DUCTILE FRACTURE Ductile fracture has been defined as fracture occurring with appreciable gross deformation. Ductile fracture in tension is usually defined by a localized reduction in diameter called necking. Very ductile metals may actually draw down to a line or a point before separation. This kind of failure is usually called by rupture. Consider segment of a cylindrical bar of length , cross-sectional area A0 and subjected to a load as shown in fig 2.3(a) when the load is increased to 12 and further to , the area of cross-section decreases to 12 and and length elongates to 12210 as shown in figs. 2.3 b-c-d. The conventional stress and conventional strain are obtained in each case by It clearly shows that the original A is assumed constant .This criteria may be true for elastic range only as elastic reduction in cross-sectional area is negligible , being only about 0.1% . The strains are also very small. However, while dealing with the plastic range, the reduction in cross-sectional area and the strain are large (compare Fig. 2.3 a and b). Hence cannot be taken as constant, and may not be used for strain calculations at all the loads. Thus the need arises to obtain true stress and true strain in plastic range. These are determined in steps as follows [4]. Fig 2.3: Stages in the formation of a cup-and-cone fracture [4]. 2.3 Universal Testing Machine The servo hydraulic testing machines provide both load controlled and displacement control machine. These versatile machines are well adapted to computer control. With modern computer control it is possible to conduct tests based on the control of calculated variables such as true strain or stress intensity factor. Fig2.4 shows a picture of Universal Testing Machine. In UTM top cross head can be adjusted to three positions for extended tension tests (the left hand side of the machine). There are two main hand wheel controls, one for applying and the other for releasing the load. The loading valve is designed in so manner that at any setting, needed for applying incremental loads, for applying the loads quickly, for holding the loads steady and for removing the loads. An autographic recorder is used to plot the stress-strain curve during the test itself. Specimens are attached to a movable grip and to a fixed side-gripping device. A parallel spring is made of four thin plates to serve as the straight guide mechanism for the movable grip. The movable grip and straight guide mechanism are lifted over the base of the tensile testing machine so that they were not affected by friction which would otherwise seriously impair the accuracy of the Tensile Tests. Load is applied by pulling (using a precision translation stage driven by a D.C. motor) one end of steel belt, the other end, is connected to the movable grip. A load cell with a rated capacity is used to measure the load, which is the sum of the loads applied to the specimen and parallel spring. The load applied or the specimen is calculated by subtracting the load applied to the parallel spring, calculated from the Fig 2.4: Universal Testing Machine. [3] Characteristics of the parallel spring measure in advance, from the measure load. The elongation was determined by measuring the relative displacement of the two gauge marks on the specimen. The characteristics of the testing machine have a strong influence on the shape of the stress-strain diagram and the fracture behavior a rigid testing machine with a spring constant is known as a hard machine. A screw-driven mechanical machine tends to be hard machines, while hydraulically driven testing machines are soft machines. A hard testing machine produces the upper and lower yield point, but in a soft machine only the extension at constant load will be recorded. Universal Testing Machine is used to conduct the Tensile Test. There are two types of machines used in tension testing. 1. Load controlled machine 2. Displacement controlled machines [3]. 2.4 ELASTIC CONSTANT Materials may be isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic. Isotropic materials posses four elastic constants named Youngs modulus Poissons ratio shear modulus and bulk modulus These constants are invariant and do not ordinarily change under any effect . Strain and stress on basis of atomic theory Force versus distance of atomic separation curve and bond length described in fig 2.5.The inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to when a compressive force is applied. Similarly on application of a tensile force the inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to this externally applied force is equal in magnitude but opposite in nature of inter-atomic force Therefore (2.4) Fig 2.5: Change in inter atomic distance on application of compressive forces [5]. Where is the potential energy which in the most general way can be expressed as (2.5) Hence are constant in which .The increase in length of interatomic distance is called elongation, and is given by to (2.6) Similarly the decrease in length of inner -atomic distance is called contraction ,and it is express as, (2.7) (a). The Strain is then defined as the change in length of inter atomic distance over bond length . The tensile strain ÃŽÂ µt and compressive strain ÃŽÂ µc are related as [5] ÃŽÂ µt = = and ÃŽÂ µc = = (b). The Stress à Ã†â€™ is defined as the internal resisting force i.e. inter atomic force F per unit cross sectional area A of a material. Therefore à Ã†â€™ = Due to Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 it can be written as à Ã†â€™ = = = (2.8) The stress can be either tensile or compressive in nature. Poissons Ratio: A material, subjected to a tensile stress, elongates in the direction of tensile axis but contracts in the transverse direction the transverse strains always bear a constant ratio, with the longitudinal strain. This ratio is called Poissons ratio and is expressed by (2.9) Youngs modulus: In the fig 2.5 a tangent is drawn at .It coincide with the curve over a small range and . AB is in elastic region. This slope is proportional to the youngs modulus E of a material, Thus [5] It may be approximated that the force acts on area which is the average area per atom since number of bonds per unit area is 1/ and also knowing macroscopically that stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit (Hookes law), (2.10) (2.11) The youngs modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus. Its value for a material is influenced by factor such as bonding character, temperature, and anisotropy strongly bonded solids with three dimensional network possess high values of elastic modulus [5]. The effect of temperature is to lower down the elastic modulus by 10% to 20% between 0 K to melting point .The variation of as a function of temperature for carbon steel can be expressed by (2.12) Where is in Kelvin and is in kgf/cm2 Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and the shear strain ÃŽÂ ³ is defined as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity It is related to the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio by (2.13) Bulk Modulus: A material under three dimensional loading is subjected to the stresses axes respectively. The initial volume of the material changes by then lk modulus or modulus of elasticity of volume is defined as the ratio of average stress to volumetric strain and is expressed by [5] (2.14) Where (2.15) And (2.16) (2.17a) (2.17 b) (2.17c) Here are the linear strains along axes respectively.is related to and by = (2.18) The three elastic modulii are related as (2.19a) In materials such as gels, pastes, putties and colloidal system, therefore (2.19b) 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Fracture toughness, is defined as resistance of a material to failure from fracture starting from preexisting crack. Mathematically, it is expressed as = (2.20) Where is a dimensionless factor which depends upon the following: The geometry of the crack and material. 2. The loading configuration if the sample is subject to tension or bending. 3. The ratio of crack length to specimen width. 4. Amount of load (stress) applied to the specimen Where = crack length. = width of specimen Fig 2.6: A specimen with an interior crack [6]. Note that the entire crack length is equal to a Fig 2.7: A specimen with a through-thickness crack [6]. Fig 2.8: A specimen with a half circle surface crack [6]. Figure 2.6 shows that a is not always the total length of the crack, but sometimes it is half of the crack length in case of Interior crack [6]. The values for Y vary with respect to the shape and location of the crack. Some important values of Y for short cracks subjected to a tension load are as follows: For an interior crack which is shown in fig 2.6. For a through-thickness surface crack which is shown in fig 2.7 For a half-circular surface crack which is shown in fig 2.8 Fracture toughness,has the English customary units of psi inch1/2,and the SI units of MPa m1/2 2.5.1 Plane strain fracture toughness For thin samples, the value decreases with increasing sample thickness, b, as shown in Figure 2.9. Finally, becomes independent of b, called as the conditions of plane strain. This fixed value of becomes known as the plane strain fracture toughness. Mathematically, it is expressed as: = [7]. (2.21) Fig 2.9: A fracture toughness vs. thickness graph [7]. This value for the fracture toughness is the value normally specified because it is never greater than or equal to. The I subscript for, stands for mode I, or tensile mode [7]. 2.5.2 Fracture toughness testing machine A sharp fatigue crack(break) is inserted in the specimen, which is loaded to failure. The crack driving force is measured for the failure condition, giving the fracture toughness [9]. g Fig 2.10: Fracture mechanics testing. [9] 2.5.3 Test specimens for fracture toughness The mostly uses fracture toughness test configurations are the single sharp edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact (CT) specimens, as shown in fig 2.11. These type of compact specimen has the advantage that it requires less amount of material, but is more expensive to machine and more difficult to test compared with the SENB specimen. Special requirements are needed for temperature control, for this purpose we use an environmental chamber. The SENB specimens are typically immersed in a bath for low temperature tests. Although the compact specimen is loaded in tension, the crack tip conditions are predominantly bending (high constraint). If limited materials are available, it is possible to construct the SENB specimens by welding extension pieces (for the loading arms) to the material sample. (Electron beam welding(EBW) is typically used, because the weld is narrow and causes little distortion). Fig 2.11: Examples of common fracture toughness test specimen (a) SENB Specimen (b) CT Specimen [10]. Other specimen configurations are the centre-cracked tension (CCT) panels, single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens, and shallow-crack tests. These special types of tests are connected with lower levels of constraint, and can be more structurally representative than standard CT or SENB specimens. The SENT specimens are being used to determine fracture toughness of pipeline girth in submarine pipelines, especially where the installation method involves plastic straining. The position and orientation of the specimens are important. The location and orientation of the notch is critical, especially for welded joints. The orientation of the notch is defined with respect to either the weld axis or the rolling direction or forging axis of other components. In the standard SENB C T specimens are shown in Fig 2.11, the notch depth is range of 45 to 70% of the specimen width, W, giving a lower-bound conservative estimate of fracture toughness, because of the high level of crack tip constrai nt generated by the specimen design only [10]. 2.5.4 Fracture toughness Measurement Fig 2.12: Two ASTM standard compact specimen of different Widths (b). [8] There are many different experiments which can be used to obtain a value of. Almost any size and shape of sample can be used as long as it is consistent with mode I crack displacement. A possible and very simple experiment that can be performed to find a value for fracture toughness by screw-driven universal testing machine. This testing machine loads the specimen, at a constant strain rate, while a Load vs. Displacement curve is plotted by an X-Y recorder. From this plot, a possible value for Y can be calculated. With this value can be calculated. [8] 2.5.5 Effect of temperature on fracture toughness Fracture toughness varies with temperature, crack size and crack location and does not change with sample thickness. Fracture toughnessdoes also vary with strain rate, shown in figure 2.13 [9] Fig 2.13 : Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature for several steels. [9] 2.6 SURFACE ENERGY Surface energy is defined as the potential energy per unit area of surface film. It may be also defined as the amount of work done in increasing the area of the surface film through unity. Surface energy per unit area is also known as surface tension of liquid [11]. 2.6.1 Surface energy measurement of the solid The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence also the surface energy density). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of the liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). However, such a method cannot be used to measure the surface energy of a solid materials for the reason that stretching of a solid membrane induces elastic energy in the bulk in addition to increasing the surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is usually measured at high temperatures. At such temperatures the solid creeps and even though the surface area changes, the entire volume remains approximately constant [11]. 2.7 FATIGUE POTENTIAL ENERGY (U0) AND LETHARGY COEFFICIENT (ÃŽÂ ³) The dynamic fatigue equation for high-cycle fatigue under fully reversed tension-compression loading is given by [12]. =constant (2.18). From Eq. (2.18) we can say that (2.19) Where is alternating stress amplitude that gives and=1 Eq. (2.18) is rewritten as â‚ ¬Ã‚   (2.20) Lethargy coefficient can be calculated from S-N curve, to the a variation of stress amplitude to the logarithm of number of cycles to failure, as shown in fig 2.14 Fig 2.14: The S-N curve [12]. 2.8 MICROSTRUCTURAL PROCESS UNDER HIGH- CYCLE FATIGUE LOADING For high-cycle fatigue conditions, stress amplitude is below yield strength of the material, so that the strain is normally elastic. If strain is purely elastic, These will be no fatigue because elastic straining is, a reversible process. However, this difficulty is associated with over-simplification introduced by concept of a yield strength and assumption of purely elastic deformation below this yield strength. All metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stresses. This is called microstrain, because at stresses well below yield strength the magnitude of plastic strain is small as compare to elastic strain. Microscopic examination of surfaces of samples that have been subjected to cyclic loading reveals that micro strain occurs in homogeneously in the sample, with the entire strain seemingly concentrated in a relatively few slip bands. These slip bands form during the first few thousand cycles and remain active until after a crack is formed. Because straining in these bands continues after the bulk of material has stopped undergoing strain, they are called persistent slip bands. Since the strain is so inhomogeneous, plastic strain amplitude in persistent slip bands is quite large compared to average strain amplitude. Thus damage accumulation leading to crack formation can continue in persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. The nature of damage which leads to crack formation in high cycle fatigue seems to be related to formation of intrusions and extrusions within slip bands. In this phenomenon, material is pushed out of surface at one point in the band and material is drawn in to form deep valleys at other points in the bands. Once a true crack has formed in a material, the presence of the crack itself dominates the stress and strain behavior in its vicinity. The development of the theory of fracture mechanics to describe the behavior of bodies which contain cracks has been quite useful in reaching an understandi ng of the process of crack propagation in fatigue [13]. 2.9 SURFACE ENERGY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS The Arrhenius model for the fatigue life equation and Zhurkovs static fatigue equation are of the same type, given as [14] = (2.21) Where = fatigue life of the material = material constant = Kelvin temperature =bonding energy constant of material = lethargy coefficient = function of dynamic fatigue model The fraction of the life already passed by as follows , (2.22) = fraction of the life passed in the time interval dt. The whole life is integrated like = 1 (2.23) In ordinary uniaxial Tensile Test, it is assumed that temperature is constant and that the stress increases linearly Eq. (2.23) becomes Where is the time from the start of loading up to fracture. Because fracture begins at the ultimate tensile strength, the stress is maximum at Eq. (2.23) is simplified as (2.24) The surface energy per mole is defined as (2.25) and the surface energy per unit area as = (2.26) Where surface energy per unit area for elastic brittle fracture is the time for elastic brittle fracture In terms of displacement, the surface energy is given as = (2.27) Eq. (3.27) can be written as = (2.28) Finally fracture toughness may be given as . (2.29) 2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS In this chapter we have discussed that fracture toughness is very important for welded joints where geometric effects are complex .Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant and surface energy and fracture toughness are presented in this chapter. The derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, and surface energy per unit area, surface energy per unit mole and fracture toughness from dynamic fatigue equation are carried out.

Cultural Anthropology Essay -- Marching Band Arts Music Dance Papers

Cultural Anthropology Almost all cultures world wide have highly developed traditions of music and dance. According to Mari Womack, author of Being Human: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, music and dance carry much importance within a culture. "As do other artistic forms, music and dance reflect cultural and social organization. Cultural values can be conveyed in the words of a song, and the performance of a song or a dance is dependent on the social context" (Womack 226). Music and instruments are of great significance in many places world wide. For example, the BaMbuti foragers from Africa's Ituri rain forest have an instrument which they call the molimo which looks like an extremely long pipe. The men of the BaMbuti culture are the owners of the molimo and behave as if it is alive. Women and young boys are forbidden any contact with the molimo, because of its importance in male initiation rites (Womack 226). In the United States, we also have extensive rituals involving music and dance. For ex ample, in wedding receptions, many rules prevail about who dances with who when. The father-daughter dance, the bride and groom's dance, the mother-son dance, and the dollar dance are just a few of these rituals. Marching Band is another form of the music and dance combination. Marching may not sound like dancing, but, in reality, the marchers move in their individual paths which create forms that are constantly blending into each other and creating new forms. According to Jordan, my informant, "To me, it really is kind of art, just seeing all these forms move and mesh, with music to go with them and flags and stuff. It is a type of art, I guess." Along with just basic marching, the band adds choreography which produces wonde... ...s A. Sectionals B. Districts C. Regionals D. State VI. Football Games A. Home Componential Analysis of Band Activities Characteristics 1.0 1.1 Performing 1.2 Being Judged 1.3 Show on Field 1.4 Marching in Forms 1.5 Practicing Timing 2.0 2.1 Summer 2.2 During School Year 2.3 Sequential 2.4 Non-sequential Types of Activities Characteristics 1.0 Timing 2.0 Parades 1, 5 1, 4 Band Camps 5 1 Rehearsals 3, 4, 5 2 Invitationals 1, 2*, 3, 4 2, 4 Competitions 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3 Football Games 1, 3, 4, 5 2, 4 *Marching Bands are judged at all invitationals, but their scores are not publicly announced when they are the hosting school. Works Cited Womack, Mari. Being Human: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1998.

Hard Times: Many Symbols about Human Nature

In Dickens's Hard Times, there are many symbols that run through the novel. These symbols stand for much more than Just word you would come across multiple times as you read. Each symbol can mean something about human nature, human relationships, morality, and even about our society. Each symbol can have a different meaning to all of us. The symbols that came up frequently and that stood out to me as I read were staircase, Pegasus, smoke serpents, and fire. The first symbol that stood out to me was the staircase Mrs. Sparsit imagines. This ymbol stood out to me when Mrs.Sparsit notices that Louisa and Harthouse are spending a bunch of time together. As she notices this, she imagines that Louisa is running down some sort of staircase into a â€Å"dark pit of shame and ruin at the bottom. † I believe that this staircase represents her belief that Louisa is going to disappear with Harthouse and ruin herself forever. Mrs. Sparsit has disliked Bounderbys marriage to the Louisa and has always hoped to marry him herself. So this makes her very happy by Louisa's action to disappear with Harthouse. Through he staircase, Dickens reveals how Mrs.Sparsit's character is hypocritical. He also suggests that Mrs. Sparsit's own self misinterprets the situation between Louisa and Harthouse. She misinterprets this because she ends up in shame by having an affair with Harthouse and Louisa ends up returning home to her father. The next symbol that stood out to me was the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus. Mr. Slearys circus entertainers would stay at an inn called the Pegasus Arms. The symbol is inside of this inn. On the inside of this inn, the symbol is a Pegasus that is a odel of a flying horse with golden stars stuck on all over him.This symbol, the Pegasus, represents a world of fantasy and beauty from which Gradgrinds children are not a part of. There is a point when Mr. Gradgrind informs the pupils at his school that wallpaper with horses on it is unrealistic because h orses do not in fact live on walls. He always taught the kids hard facts and nothing but them and to not have an imagination. The circus people however live in a world in which horses can dance and flying horses can be imagined even if they do not in fact really exist in the eal world.The name of this inn shows the contrast between the imaginative and very happy world of the circus and Mr. Gradgrind's belief in the importance of fact and to have no imagination. Another symbol that stood out to me was the smoke serpents above Coketown. The symbol was the streams of smoke that was in the skies above Coketown. These streams are the outcome of factories and industrialization. However, these smoke serpents also represent the obliviousness of some factory owners like Bounderby. He is always so focused on making as much money and profit as he possibly can.Bounderby concludes that the serpents of smoke are a positive sign that the factories are producing and making a g prott Bounderby tails to see the smoke as a torm of unhealthy pollution because he is so concerned about making a profit. He also fails to recognize his own abuse of the hands in his factories. He does not realize how miserable and poor his workers are and is more worried about his business and himself. The final symbol that stood out to me was fire. The first time the symbol fire stood out to me was when Louisa is first introduced in Chapter 3.The narrator explains that here is a â€Å"fire with nothing to burn, a starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow. † This shows that Louisa seems she has not listened to her father's beliefs against wondering and imagining. The fire also shows a certain kid of warmth. It is says that Louisa often stares into the fireplace when she is alone. She stares as if she sees things in the flames that others do not, like her rigid father and brother. However, there is also another kind of fire that stands out to me in Hard Times. The other time I think of f ire in this novel is the fires that keep the factories running.The fire provides heat and power for machines. This shows that fire can be an example of an evil that can be used as a greater good. Through this symbol, Dickens shows the importance of imagination to show the industrialization of human nature. In conclusion, symbols can mean and represent many things in life. People use different symbols every day to represent something that they believe in. For example, many very religious people may wear a cross around their neck to show a symbol of faith Just how the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus is a symbol to the people to have an imagination.

How do you Imagine a German Valentines Day

How do you Imagine a German Valentine's Day German Customs in February-Part 2: Valentines Day - Fasching/Karneval Traditional and Religious Celebrations and Customs Groundhog Day  (Mari Lichtmess)Valentinstag  (Valentines Day)Mardi Gras: Fastnacht/Fasching/Karneval Valentinstag(14. Februar) Sankt Valentin and the lovers celebration in his name are not traditionally German, but in recent years  Valentinstag  has become increasingly popular in Germany. Originally celebrated mainly in France and the English-speaking countries, it is now common to see Valentine cards and other signs of the holiday in Germany. This trend was most likely forced upon the Germans by an increased effort to the florist-industry. Be gentle to your German lover should he not take this day seriously. German men possibly prefer to buy you flowers rather for no reason than when they are being expected to. If they buy flowers at all. The origins of Valentines Day The origins of both the man known as  Valentinus  and the celebration itself are obscure. Little is known about the Roman (or Romans) who may have been a bishop in Terni or a priest in Rome. Although several legends have arisen around the Christian martyr Valentinus, there is no historical evidence that connects him to lovers or todays Feb. 14 Valentine celebration. As in the case of other Christian celebrations, Valentines Day is more likely based on the pagan Roman fertility festival called Lupercalia that took place in mid-February. The Lupercalia only ended in 495 when it was banned by the pope. Did you know that Valentines  Day  is actually forbidden in Saudi Arabia? Fastnacht/Fasching(date varies) The German  Mardi Gras  or Carnival celebration goes by many names:  Fastnacht,  Fasching,  Fasnacht,  Fasnet,  Karneval. This is a movable feast (beweglicher Festtag) that is related to  Easter  and does not occur on the same date each year. (For the dates this year, see  Die fà ¼nfte Jahreszeit.) The culmination of the  Fastenzeit  (Lent) is always on the Tuesday (fat Tuesday mardi gras, Shrove Tuesday) before  Aschermittwoch  (Ash Wednesday). The official start of the  Fasching  season is either on January 7 (the day after Ephiphany,  Dreikà ¶nige) or on the 11th day of the 11th month (Nov. 11,  Elfter im Elften), depending on the region. A highlight before the main highlight, the Rosenmontag, is the so called Weiberfastnacht (Fat Thursday, also in certain regions in Germany its called Fetter Donnerstag) celebrated on the Thursday before Karneval. The tradition is that the women cut of the tie of any man who dears to wear one that day. Should you fancy your ties, make sure to have a cheap one in your wardrobe for this occasion. In regions where Karneval is celebrated the most, you might witness a bunch of women storming the local Rathaus (town hall) in order to cut off the mens ties. You certainly understand what a mans tie symbolises, right? Rosenmontag The Rosenmontag is the main celebration day of Carnival. That day there will be a huge parade marching through the city unless you live in Berlin or the northern parts of Germany. We are possibly not as jeck (nuts) as those southerners or simply have to drive out less demons than them. For those who miss all this kunterbunt trouble in Berlin, theres a little refuge for those from the Rhine region here in Berlin, the Stndige Vertretung. You might want to check it out next time you are in Berlin. Find out more about other  Celebrations and Customs here.   NEXT ARTICLE   Holidays in March Original article by: Hyde Flippo Edited on the 28th of June 2015 by: Michael Schmitz

Universal Design - How to Build for Accessibility

Universal Design - How to Build for Accessibility In architecture, universal design means creating spaces that meet the needs of all people, young and old, able and disabled. From the arrangement of the rooms to the choice of colors, many details go into the creation of accessible spaces. Architecture tends to focus on accessibility for people with disabilities, but Universal Design is the philosophy behind accessibility. No matter how beautiful, your home will not be comfortable or appealing if you cannot move freely through its rooms and independently perform the basic tasks of life. Even if everyone in the family is able-bodied, a sudden accident or the long-term affects of illness can create mobility problems, visual and auditory impairments, or cognitive decline. Designing for the blind is one example of universal design. Your dream home may have spiral staircases and balconies with sweeping views, but will it be usable by and accessible for everyone in your family? Definition of Universal Design The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.- Center for Universal Design Principles of Universal Design The Center for Universal Design at the College of Design, North Carolina State University, has established seven overarching principles for all universal design: Equitable UseFlexibility in UseSimple and Intuitive UsePerceptible Information (e.g., color contrast)Tolerance for ErrorLow Physical EffortSize and Space for Approach and Use If product designers apply universal design principles, with a special focus on accessibility for people with disabilities, and if usability experts routinely include people with a variety of disabilities in usability tests, more products will be accessible to and usable by everyone.- Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology (DO-IT), University of Washington Your local housing agencies can give you more detailed specifications for construction and interior design in your area. Listed here are some very general guidelines. Designing Accessible Spaces President George H.W. Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) into law on July 26, 1990, but did that start the ideas of accessibility, usability, and universal design? The Americans with Disability Act (ADA) is not the same as Universal Design. But anyone who practices Universal Design will likely not have to worry about the minimum regulations of the ADA. Allow enough floor space to accommodate a stationary wheelchair and also enough room for a smooth U-turn: at least 1965 mm (78 inches) by 1525 mm (60 inches).Include tables or counters that are a variety of heights to accommodate standing, seating, and a range of different tasks.Provide shelves and a medicine cabinet that can be reached by persons seated in a wheel chair.Make sure entry doors to rooms are at least 815 mm (32 inches) wide.Mount bathroom sinks no higher than 865 mm (34 inches) from the floor.Install grab bars in the shower and beside the toilet.Provide a full-length mirror that can be viewed by all people, including children.Avoid shag carpets, uneven brick floors, and other floor surfaces that could pose slipping and tripping hazards.Design a room so deaf people can accomplish tasks while facing the rooms center. Mirrors are a poor solution to universal design. Learn More The Universal Design Living Laboratory (UDLL), a modern Prairie Style house completed in November 2012, is a National Demonstration Home in Columbus, Ohio. DO-IT Center (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) is an educational center at the University of Washington in Seattle. Promoting universal design in physical spaces and technologies is part of their local and international initiatives. The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University College of Design has been at the forefront of innovation, promotion, and struggles for funding. Sources Portions of this article are adapted from The Stress-Free Home, a home design book by Jackie Craven, Rockport PublishersThe Principles of Universal Design, Version 2.0, College of Design, North Carolina State University, April 1, 1997What is the difference between accessible, usable, and universal design, DO-IT, University of Washington, January 24, 2013 [accessed May 10, 2014]

Nursing and Midwifery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing and Midwifery - Essay Example The previous two steps which are believed to be never ending are then accompanied by performance. Hence, this is a lengthy one for professionals as it is not just based on learning but also on its outcomes in the professional practice, which is why Eraut (2000: pp.234) has put forth that other than its effects on the evaluation regarding the outcomes of professional work, it also impacts its nature. 1.2. Validity of Knowledge, Competence and Practice in Nursing and Midwifery When health care professionals face a situation in which different sources of knowledge, the opportunity for competence, and the adequacy of performance are put forth for selection, such a process is extremely vital for them in structuring their future. The process of coming to a decision regarding the limitation of knowledge and goal achievement may either be commenced through logical verification or commonsensical conjectures. Where health care individuals are still not aware of how far they have come, in nursi ng however, knowledge, competence and performance are essential components that need to be focused on and verified. This process evaluates and affects the ability of midwives and nurses to prioritize medical intercessions, as they are provided with knowledge and assessment skills themselves on the basis of varying probabilities of their position. As the House of Commons Health Committee (2010: pp.12) verified that the understanding of goal achievement, let it be continuous or not, is always reflected by competence assessment tests. This specified combination of professional stance is a vital process in the field of nursing and midwives as it has been divided into sub-divisions of formulations that include the processes like gaining the philosophy, evaluating the theory, working on the methodology, and then implementing it into professional practice. This paper proposes to contribute to the quality of learning and implementing the practices of both nurses and midwives, and the clarif ication of many uncertain formulations. 2. CASE SCENARIO As per the verification that needs to be provided, the question that has cropped up is regarding the â€Å"goal achievement and knowledge achievement of nurses and midwives†. The formulation suggested by many scholars such as Manley (1997: pp.179-190) that knowledge can be continuously increased and articulated by nurses as they gain respect and can influence the health sector, but, it is the formulation of midwives that the process of goal achievement has ended for them as they have gained whatever knowledge or objective they were to grow. A range of indicators of knowledge, competence performance assessment, and pragmatic evidence regarding the effectiveness of both nurses and midwives in measuring these key elements show that the latter formulation provided by midwives is irrational. A key challenge that was identified in all articles reporting on such formulations and the performance assessment was ensuring objectiv ity. 2.2. Comparison and Contrast There is limited evidence about the verification of whether or not midwives should gain further knowledge for competence and professional prac

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition Outline

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition - Outline Example It is established in this analysis that the Realist theoretical tradition has been the most pertinent theoretical perspective on the subject of war and conflict in the post-Cold War order in the world. Realism is one of the most important positivist theories which focus on state security and power Introduction The end of Cold War brought about an inevitable focus on the concept of war and conflict in the study of international relations and several significant theoretical perspectives emerged. It is essential to realize that the realist, liberal, and radical traditions have been the most significant theoretical perspectives dealing with war and conflict in the international relations theory. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition of war maintains that there is an enduring propensity for conflict between states in the international relations, whereas the liberal theoretical tradition identifies various ways to alleviate the conflictive tendencies and the radical theoretical tradition emphasizes on the of transformation of the entire system of state relations. As Little and Smith (2006) maintain, the realist theoretical tradition was the most dominant theoretical perspective all through the Cold War. ... ures of the American-Soviet rivalry.†1 It is pertinent to establish that state security and power above other states are the essential components of the realist theoretical tradition regarding war and conflict. Significantly, realism is not a single theory and it has several classifications which evolved considerably during the Cold War period. In an examination of how war is understood in the realist theoretical tradition, it becomes evident that the intellectual construct called ‘realism’ focuses on international anarchy, insecurity, and the state, and it provides an effective way to deal with the contemporary world politics. As it remains the overriding paradigm in the study of international relations, it is fundamental to analyze how the realist theoretical tradition explains war. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition relies heavily on the structure of the international system or the distribution of power as the major element in explaining foreign po licies and international outcomes. â€Å"If realism provides a worthwhile explanatory framework, then propositions derived from it should yield insights about state strategies and behavior in light of this shift in the global distribution of power†¦ Realism remains a powerful and valuable explanatory framework, the end of the Cold War notwithstanding.†2 Therefore, it is important to recognize that the role of the realist theoretical tradition remains unquestioned even in the contemporary international relations and world politics, and an analysis of the realist interpretation of the concept of war is most warranted. Scope of the Study In a world threatened by the realities of war in spite of the existence of several theoretical frameworks for international relations, it is fundamental to be aware of the

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Essay

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Consider the nature of carnival - Essay Example Carnival and related activities are generally a transformation of local traditional beliefs and rituals. Different rituals in carnivals are validated on the belief that they bring good fortune, solve problems, and appease out angry forefathers passed in a new world. Carnivals reflect the culture from where they originate. Following discussions will bring out the cultural reflections from rituals and celebrations of carnivals. Three carnivals, Carnival of Veneza, Notting Hill Carnival and Australian Carnival Mardi Grass are discussed in particular to show how different rituals are influenced from the land of their origin. All carnivals, from Rio to Australian Mardi Gras, give a peek in to the culture of their origin. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is considered as one of the biggest show of celebration on the earth. It is best example of cultural reflections on carnivals. Samba, a dance brought over by African slaves with them, is the main attraction of the celebration. The dance has seen a rapid transformation over years, it was fused with the choros, street bands of Brazil, but still its vivacious color and free spirited movements reflects an African culture and reminds of its historical evolution. The history of carnival of Veneza dates back to 2nd May 1268. Carnival starts around two weeks before Ash Wednesday and ends on Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras, the day before Ash Wednesday. Traditionally, masks have been central theme of the celebrations. People wear different types of Venetian masks such as Bauta, Moretta and Larva and disguise themselves as a symbolism of social and economical equality. Wearing of masks has been prohibited many times under different governments citing different political and religious issues and the carnival was dormant for several centuries. The origin of carnival of Veneza has several historical significances. It

International Relations Theory Essay Example for Free

International Relations Theory Essay The study of the international relations has traditionally focused on the study of the causes of war and conflict between the states and the condition of peace. However, in the 21st century we are more concerned with the question of how the global relations can be identified, and with who lays the power of world politics. The global politics and international relations concepts have been developed over centuries. The key theories have established the commonly accepted methods of explaining the relationships between the states, and the way in which nations conduct their businesses. We can distinguish between many strands of thought, each extensive and often mutable. Thus, it is hard to define which are the most equitable and had most leverage in the international relations or global politics. However, we can certainly highlight few, which are seen as the most important or even crucial. One of them is Marxism, developed by Karl Marx in the 19th century. Marxism sought to purport the varied terrains in a new and unprecedented way. Some of the key aphorisms include the materialism, class system theory, the dialectical approach to history and of course a critique to liberalism and capitalism. Alas, the Marxism theory was precluded in the 1990s, after the oppression of people, economic instability, poverty and unhappiness under the communistic rule became evident. However, in the latter years of extreme economic and social crisis, many scholars once again engaged in the critical insight of capitalism, just as Marx did centuries ago. Marxism is the only theory available, which seeks to completely undermine capitalism, and expose its fundamental flaws which capitalists try to avoid or divert, but cannot overcome. However, it is not only limited to the economics. It presents extensive explanation of social and political relations and ways in which societies can determine it. It offers a new concept of freedom, far more expansive and empowering than the traditional liberal understanding. In this essay I will critically assess the extent to which Marxism has contributed to an understanding of the global politics. The global politics otensibly consists of many strands of scholar thought , analysis and theories . The acuurate and cognizant way of explaining or arranging the different approaches would be to put them in two categories; mainstreem and the rest. The parenial mainstreem theories of international relations are realism, liberalism, neo-realism and neo-liberalism. Other vail approaches share much with mainstreetm but have been seen rather as develpoments or critiques or of it, often providing a very distinct analysys . One of such is Marxism. Karl Marx developed new depiction with some linkages to the previous theories. He offers a distinct approach and analysis of political, social and economic life. Marx’s aim was to expose the hidden truth about the world of politics, and to higlight to people that history, politics and our social life is not something that only happens to us (independently from our actions), but rather something wich happens with our presence and input, and therefore can also be transformed by us. We can choose weather or not we want to live in a political-social system which we inherited, or to alter it if we are dissatissfied with it. In this sense politics appears as a struggle over processess of social-self production. The ability to steer various processess in one direction or another, thus shape the world in whcih we live in, produce a social change. Marxs expalins this as a dialectical or process orientated approach to understanding our history and politics. The historical tensions and cirumstances opneded up various possibilities for actors (agents embodied in institutions), to produce a change. As humans we have a freedom or in other words a collective ability to shape ourselfs and our world. This concept of freedom is broader and more empowering , than in the traditional liberal thinging (freedom of choice, our wants and needs in the market). Another important aphorism of Karl Marx was historical materialism. According to Marx all life is constantly evolving . The evolution results from the clash of two opposing forces. The same must happen with peolpe. For centuries humanity experienced struggles and clashes mainly between 2 groups of people. In the acient world it was the slaves and the lords, in the middle the peasants (surfs)and the lad owners, and in capitalism the capitalists (burgouise) and the working class (proletariat). Each historic era is different , has its own dynamic an dlogic, based on a dominant mode of production: primitive, feudalism and finally capitalism. For Marx each stage had its beginbing, middle but also an end. Marx also belived that history is shaped by the material basis of society. He recognised base and superstructure division of society. He included education, politics, religion, culture, media to the superstructure. Underneeth the superstructure there lies base consisted of relations of production (burguoise), and means of production everything which is owned by burguise needed for procution such as technology for instance). The base in Marx view , creates a particular type of political authority which is mostly concerned with protecting and promoting the interests of the dominant class. The base can change the history and the society. The key implication here is that the people who conctrol the material base (the means and forces of production), ulitmately control the society, politics and the world we live in. He recognised tha states as the puppet of a dominant class. Marx also offered an extensive and profound crtique to caqpitalism, imperialism and globaloization. He did not undermined it. It is fair to say that Marx understood capitalims as the most productive theorey that every existed but nevertheless, he recognised that it was living on a borrowed time. For Marx the capitalism had fundamental flaws as it was exploitative and oppressive system. He examined the features of capitalism, praised it for the competetive nature whihc would recsult and many spohisticated advancemnts, presented its flaws and atributes. Karl Marx acknowledge that constant urge for profit wouldstimulate the innovation process in various fields such as technology, media, medicine. Nevertheless, the necessity to generate higher and higher profit is the main downfall of the globalization and capitalism concept. As a result capitalism will move from crisis to criris, and the society will become increasingly unequal. Marx specified that capitalists will attempt to reslove one crisis, but as one problem would be resolved, another would be created in its place. We can clearly see how this process works taking for instance the sub-prime lending case. As people did not have enough money , the demand failed. The profits of various cooperations also failed (as demand stimalates the supply and the prices). The banks offered creditd cards and loans. In turn people bought more goods, and contributed to the economy. Everyone was happy in the process, the baks, the producers and of course the working class who would now finally buy the goods and services they wanted. One problem was solved. However, after a while people did not meet their repayments. The banks had to confiscate their houses, cars, and other possesions as a result. Now banks were left with empty houses, and a huge deficit of money. The enterpreneours who invested and supplied banks with the money lost a vast ammount of money, many bankrupted. The taxes rates for the lower and the middle were risen, and the wages cut so the capitalists could once again make profit. Alas, less wages and bigger taxes meant less dissposable income to pay for the new good and services. The capitalists once again have to battle low profits, and find new ways to stay in business, The whole process reapeats itself, and no concrete and reliable solution is found. Marx also crtiticises the globalization process. The global capitalism means alliances of globalised capitalists, in order to do the business together and gain more control. This aspect of globalization within the context of capitalism will also prove fatal, as the interconcetivity between various world economies could potentiall bring doom to all if one falls ( we can see it happening with the hyousing bubble burst in the USA, resulting from the sub-prime lending . This crisis not only affected the USA economy, but spreaded to the rest of the world resulting in the global economical crises and recession). Marxs posited that economic relations between people was core to absolutely everything. The human needs for housing, security, food, drive human interactions. Furthermore he stasted that private property divided the world. The human persistency to barter and to create profit was a recepie for distater. Capitalism develpse productive powers of human societies, but it does in rather undemocratic manner, through exploating and subduing the working class. As a result it distors the real historiacal possibilities for social self-determination. Socially empowered people under the capitalistic system, are prevented from realising their full productive powers and enjoying their fuller forms of freedom. Under tha capitalism ideaology supports the historiucally specific forms of social activity and organization, which appears to be necessarry and natural universal conditions. It takes on the apperance of unchangable, and hard-wired withing the society. This is of course mistification. Within the context of capitalism , we are isolated individuals, therefore we confornt our social envirometn not as collective product. We views it in terms of constraint on our individual chocies. This way of understanding social relations as parennial, universal and natural prevents us from looking for possibilities of transformation, or imagining the alternative possible worlds. Marxism inspired future analysis in the international relations arena . One of the most significant was the crtitical theory. The critical theory was develpoed in 1930s by the frankfurt school of thoutgt. The term frnakfurt school refers to theorists originally assosiated with the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University . The early frnakfurt shcool tehorist Horkheimer and Adorno, began too lose faith in the revolutionary potential of the proletaria. The also saw how in the west Marxism was marxism was being transformed into a doctrisn of economic determinism. In the face of these developments, they wanted to retain a critical modern critical and potentially progressive role for social theory, but were wary of the orthodox Marxisms’ preocupation with production and the coresponding emphasis on the historical role of the proletariat† The core concepts of the Crtical theory are that critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity , and also that critical theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Critical theoriests developed a key concept that the objectively valid forms of knowledge could not be established independently of the social context and social norms. The theories which claimthat they provide objective truth are profoundly misleading. In their view idealogy (or theories assosiated with it), are just a belief that oue perspective is the truth. The way in which things appera from the economic standpoint of our consciousness. They asked a question: can idealogy be proven, is it just a mode of belief. After all idealogy is without conciousness. Is it fair to say that things actually are the way they appear to me? The frankfurt scholars went on explaining that in each historic period the dominant class sets the idealogy. In the late capitalism it is ultimately a burgouise idealogy. So the ideas whic are the base of every aspect of our society , (for instance our current work ethic or current standards of moral behaviour) do not have to be universal, just and correct. The frankfurt scholars have undermined the positivist forms of scienfitic knowledge. They claim that positivism and instrumental reason discourse denys the alternative values and future possible worlds. Gramsci went a bit further and develpoed a theory of hegemony as a form of political power whcih relied upon the consent than coercion. â€Å" In a hegemonic social situation, dominant groups (classes, class fractions and their verious alliers) articulate a social vision which claims to serve the intersts of all, and they use selective incentives to recruit junior partners into their coalition and to didivde the disable oposition† He belived that in modern and advances capitalistsic societies, hegemonic power might be promoted via media, education, art, literature as well as political parties. Under these conditions various groups might be led to consent to the powerof dominant groups. This action would make the use of obviously opressive and coercive power unnecessary.. He also argued that hegemony should be continously chalenged by the civil society. In this way he hoped that capitaslist culture would be challenged by a counter-hegemonic political culture. In short, he speculated that peolpe might start to think of their economic lives as having a significant political importance . Gramsci hoped that they might finally question the universal capitalism’s structured separation of the ploitical fromt he economic aspects of life. Another important approach to global politics, which derives from Marxism is the World systems theory , which was fathered by Immanueakl Wallestein in the 1970s. He traced the rise of the world system to the 16th century Western Europe, whihc then spraded to the rest of the world. The E3urope feudal economy suffered crisi and was transformed into capitalism. The west quikly utilisised their advantages and gained control and power, over the most of the world economy (using colonialism, slavery, imperialism and globalisation together with the unfair trade). This actions resulted in an unequal develpoment, which instead of diminishing grows even further. Wallestein also supported Marx’s previous view that the suposely tree distnict areas of politics, socio9logya nd economics are in fact combined. In his writing Wollestein provided a structural explenation of the global inequallity between states. He viewd it as a pyramis. At the top of the pyramid lye the core states. Whuhc dominate the system. They all are in favour of capitalistic global economy for their own elevation. Examples in todays world inlude USA, Japan or Western Europe. Beneeth the core states lys the semi-periphery states, which are seeking to elevate themselfs to claim their place among the core . Examples include the BRIC countries: Brasil. Rusia, India or China. At the very bottom of the pyramid lies the peripher, the weakest of the states (third wolrd countires ). They are usually rulled by the puppet goverments , subservient to the global capitalists. Ruled by the core states. They will never be given the standars of life they deserve through their inustry. They usually provide most of the natural resources and products which are greedly devour by the core, only to recive poor technoplogy and ocasional aid in return. People in the third world countries (peripherians) are the main victims of this opression, as they benefit less from the spohisticated technology and innovation that capitalism (through drive for profit) brings about. This generates a fundamental innequality between the nations. Conclusion The forms of Marxian critical theory (further develpoed by the Frankfurt school and by Gramsci), lead us to a conlusion that the claims of scientific objectivity assosiated with positivistiv theories of International relations are in fact profoundly misleading . This approach differs a lot from the mainstreem realistic and liberalistsi approaches of the international relations. More recently there has been a sort of renaissance of Marxian international theory. It began during the 1990s and gained its momentum with the US war on terror after the 9/11/. The American war on terror is seen by many as the twnety-first-centuray imperialism . Many scholars return to Marxism wirtings and its later developments, to find it very accurate in the sphere of the global politics today. Undoubtedly, Marxism contributed in large means to our understanding of the global politics. It is the only reliable source of the critique of the capitalistis system we currently live in. Furthermore it explains and provides an analis of it. It stresses the interdependence of social-political- and economical aspects of life , not only within the domestic arena but also on the global scale. Marxisms highlights the global innequalities that the capitalism creates, demonstrates and unmasks the constant exploitation and mannipulation of the working class. It stresses the importance of all idvividuals, and their ability to transform and alter the world around us which includes our political system, current moral and ethical forms of behaviour, the ecoonomic system and every other aspect of our live. Marx and the later scholars influenced by his writing, do not propose a new clear system to replace capitalism. The presumptions are left to us . Within the concept of marism the idealogy can always be altered, it shall not be seen as something parenially just and fair. It is also seen as the tool of the higher class, who usess it to explain the world to the lower class and further to control it. Therefore Marx saw idealogy only a way of explainign and understanding the world rather than verity. This approach had big significance in the global politics theory. It inspired new starnds of thought in international relations and of course met with a fierce critique of positivistic scholars and thinkers.