Narcissus and Echo: Focus on Oedipus in the Story Essay

Echo and Narcissus is one of the tales penned by Roman poet Ovid in Metamorphoses. These 15 books of Metamorphoses, tells the creation and history of the ancient world. It still holds the honor of being the most popular work on Greek and Roman mythology. Echo and Narcissus, the tale of a nymph and hunter, has long been considered by most scholars as one of the most tragic tales of all times. The metamorphosis of Oedipus is a tragedy to bring a particular ethical conclusion to fruition. The character, Oedipus, in the beginning had to disclose his tragic flaw. In the beginning he was a brilliant conqueror and but became a blind man in the end. However, the moral the tale presents is not merely the consequences of trying to avoid one’s fate. â€Å"But Tiresias shook his head his gray head in warning: ‘Blindness†¦Might be blessing in your case, to keep you ever looking on the rites of Bacchus, The day is near, I know, when the new god shall come, the son of Semele, whose due is I worship from you; if you scorn his temple, you will be torn into a thousands pieces, your blood pollute the wood, and it defilement spatter your mother and your mother’s sisters†. (Ovid, 73) His fate was put in place before he started his journeys, while Tiresias was his inverse at the time of blindness. Although Oedipus has no knowledge or awareness that he has killed his father and going to marry his own mother. Sooner he becomes conscious that the prophecies have come to pass because of and despite him. Oedipus conquered the Sphinx and then grew weaker and weaker until he finally discovered he was the guilty of sexual immorality. â€Å"Oedipus experienced a metamorphosis in which he was originally the greatest man, but by placing himself and his ‘wisdom’ above the gods or God’s, he fell†. (Humphries, ii)

Robotics in Healthcare: Personalizing care and boosting

Robotics in Healthcare: Personalizing care and boosting the quality, access and efficiency of healthcare (Miss Madhu Hiremath) **Student, Department of Hospital Management, IIHMR, Bangalore Abstracts: Human life is evolving and so is technology. Healthcare, which is one of the major concerns in the 21stCentury, is entering a phase where technology Is becoming an enabler. In the near future, say technologists and doctors, robots will help us a great deal In bringing down the northbound costs of healthcare and Improving operational efficiency and quality of care.Robotics for Healthcare caters mainly six representative areas like Smart medical capsules, Robotized surgery, Intelligent prosthetics, Robotized motor coordination analysis and therapy, Robot-assisted mental, cognitive and social therapy, Robotized patient monitoring systems and many more innovations are expected by around the year 2025. Ethical and legal aspects are also likely to pose obstacles to the developments at some po int. It is a field of innovation that encompasses many Interesting leads, problems to be solved and challenges to e met.Robotic surgery is one of the most significant advances in healthcare in recent years. However like any other technological advance, It too comes with a heavy price tag. Aggressive marketing by the manufacturers and surgeons may lead to unethical practices. This article analyses the applicability of robotics to healthcare In India and as compare to North America and European countries. India too is not left behind In acquiring robots In their surgical departments like Nova spine care, Apollo, AllMS, KIMS, Medanta Hospitals etc.At present, the scope for robotics in India is limited because of cost considerations. However Robots aren't being designed to eliminate people. Instead, they can help reduce physical demands and workloads. Key Words: Robotics for Healthcare, Intelligent prosthetics, Robotized motor coordination analysis, Robotic surgery Reference: http://vwv w_Informationweek_corn/healthcare/clinlcal-informatlon-systems/ vmw. roboucsbuslnessrevlew. com/research/report/ outlook_for_health_care_robotics_for_2013 http://www. kineticconsulting. co. uk/ robots. html 1 OF2

Angelo, Escalus and the Duke present three kinds of ruler. How does Act I establish similarities and differences between them?

Act I sees the introduction of three important characters of the play, each taking up a different approach to authority. The Duke, Angelo and Escalus all use their power in a very different way, resulting in different consequences and effectiveness. The first position of authority we see in action is that of the Duke's. The opening scene alerts the audience to the fact that the Duke plans on leaving the city, for a reason which we are not made aware of, and that he plans on leaving Angelo in charge. As of yet, we do not know what sort of decision this is, because we do not have the substantial insight into the character of Angelo to be able to make a judgement. However, the Duke does comment on the fact that his first choice for ruler in his place was Escalus, â€Å"Old Escalus,/ Though first in question, is thy secondary.† This does give the audience more an insight into the Duke's decision. It may suggest that he is weary of his choices because he didn't just go with his first instinct, he thought about it and chose a less obvious candidate. This suggests that he may have deeper meaningful reasons as to why he has not elected his most obvious replacement, causing the audience to see him perhaps as a wise character, mayb e even cunning, both characteristics that would make a good ruler. However, one may question why it is that he has to leave in the first place. Although he claims that it is to do with a meeting with the King of Hungary, this is likely not to be the case (as retrospective audiences will know). The audience may be made to think that the city of Vienna has got into such a slack state in terms of laws and punishment, that it needs a solution. This would mean that the Duke's actions could be seen as cowardly. His plan involves him running away and leaving someone else, probably less capable of the job than he is, in charge with all of the power. One could see this decision as very careless and unwise, no matter what his ulterior motives may be. We see that Angelo, too, thinks that this may not be the best decision, â€Å"Let there be some more test made of my metal,/ Before so noble and so great a figure/ Be stamp'd upon it.† This shows that Angelo thinks he may not be able to do the job as well as the Duke thinks he can. We might expect him to be ecstatic that the Duke has elected him to be his replacement, but instead he questions his own ability. This allows us to doubt the Duke's decision and wonder how good a ruler he really is. He decides to take a much more passive role in â€Å"ruling†, causing us to wonder if he is fit for ruling at all. This could be seen as an act of fear, suggesting he may be too afraid to start being a strict ruler and using his authority. As a Duke, it is likely that he will be in the public view a lot of the time, causing his every action to be scrutinized. His decision to run away and put somebody else in his place could be a result of cracking under the pressure of society constantly judging all his choices. Of course Act 1 scene iii shows us what is really behind the Duke's plan. Here he openly admits to being too kind a Duke, â€Å"We have strict statutes and most biting laws†¦Which for this fourteen years we have let slip.† This confirms our suspicions that the Duke has not been the best, most consistent ruler. Vienna has gone into a state of slackness, where some vital laws no longer apply. He suggests to the Friar that Angelo is the more appropriate man to awaken all these laws than himself. This, again, could be because the Duke is scared of looking like an evil person and being judged. However, the Duke does seem to put good reason behind his thinking. He says that because it was him that let the laws become so slack in the first place, it would seem hypocritical of him to suddenly enforce these laws after letting them be for so long. One may be able to empathise with this idea, agreeing that maybe to ensure new laws are kept and taken seriously, then a new ruler must come into play. Of course, the Duke thinks of the perfect way to introduce a new ruler and yet still hold his authority over the city, pretending that he is leaving temporarily and is in need of someone to take his place. Here is where we gain our insight into Angelo as a ruler. In Act 1 scene ii, we learn that Claudio has been sentenced to death for sleeping with Juliet. This is at the hand of the new and temporary ruler, Angelo. The audience is immediately thrust into the position that Angelo has been put in and is made to quickly judge what kind of decisions he is making. One may argue that his strict imposition of the laws is a good decision as a new ruler as he has not yet established himself or what kind of Duke he will be. This complies with the contemporary ruler at the time, King James I of England, who wrote in his book Basilikon Doron, â€Å"And when ye have by the severitie of justice once settled your countries, and made them knowe that ye can strike, then may ye thereafter all the days of your life mixe justice with mercie, punishing or sparing, as ye shall finde the crime to have been wilfullie or rashlie committed, and according to the by-past behaviour of the committer.† This quote from James I suggests that a ruler should first establish himself as a good and fair ruler who wishes to strive for justice by punishing those who go against it. Once his people know that he is serious about the laws of his country, then a good ruler can use judgement to punish where appropriate. This supports the actions of Angelo, who is put in the difficult position of trying to establish himself in a city that is already corrupt because of his predecessor. The audience may sympathise with him due to the situation that the Duke has left him in. However, we could argue that this strictness will inevitably put an innocent man to death. It may be suggested that the best choice for Angelo would be to use better judgement when considering which laws to enforce again and which to just let lie. This could be seen as Angelo being inexperienced and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, something which again may bring us to pity him being submerged into this position of authority. One could even interpret Angelo as being a nasty, cruel man who wishes to abuse his power that he has been given, especially as it is only temporary. However, the reluctance with which he took up the position suggests that this is not the case and the more likely case is that he fears being rejected, possibly even mocked, by his people and as a result he wishes to take a leaf out of James I's book and imposes order among Vienna. A much more compromised ruler would be that of Escalus. Although Act 1 sees very little of his ruling skills, we do hear the reputation he holds and the respect that the Duke seems to have for him. As said before, the Duke states that Escalus would have been the obvious first choice for his temporary replacement, and yet he changes his mind. This may suggest that the role of the Duke may lead to some form of lesson that may need to be learnt by the Duke's choice. He may think that Escalus would not gain anything from the role as he is already too wise and knowledgeable about mankind, â€Å"Your own science/ Excceds, in that, the lists of all advice/ My strength can give you†. This shows the respect that the Duke has for Escalus and how aware he is of Escalus' already existing abilities. This may explain why he feels that Escalus would not benefit from leading Vienna whilst the Duke is away. However, you could argue that this may not be the best angle to choose a ruler from. It seems that the Duke may be choosing a ruler from the point of view of who it would benefit most but what he should perhaps be doing instead is thinking about who will benefit the city most and who will be the most effective ruler. It seems that Escalus would possibly have been a wiser choice. In spite of this, the fact is that Escalus will be there to guide Angelo no matter what decision he makes. This means that he is there should Angelo feel the need for any assistance and it also means the Escalus will indeed have some power and authority over the rest of the city. This allows the audience to see what kind of ruler he is anyway, even though he is not the highest authority around. This produces a direct comparison between the three as rulers and means that the audience is able to compare them in turn as they each show their signs of rulership. In conclusion, it appears that each character that is presented as a ruler takes up a different corner in terms of how they each approach their position of authority. While the Duke has recognised that he has been too leniant in recent years, it could easily be suggested that his actions are cowardly and even unwise. Angelo, on the other hand, sees the opportunity to enforce laws that have not been in place. This seems to be the aim of the Duke's plan, yet one may question to what extent the Duke wished Angelo to force these laws on the people. This makes us assume that Angelo has taken almost the complete opposite approach to the Duke. Escalus, however, seems to provide a contrast between both the Duke and Angelo. Whilst he does not seem like the type to let people get away with anything, he also does not seem like the type to put innocent, decent men to death. It seems to me that Escalus is the character who follows James I's advice the best, using his judgement and circumstances t o provide honest justice.

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

No topic - Assignment Example The project will be very expensive and international support will be definitely required. Total expenses involving construction, transportation, and installation can surpass $160m. If the greatest auroral storm or the largest solar flare to date hits the Earth on August 01, 2013 and I were to visit New York City that day, I would expect the sky all over to have a deep crimson hue. Everything around me would brighten up in the most brilliant and intense way due to the solar flare. All electrical and wireless systems will fail which will cause a lot of damage worth trillions of dollars. When power systems will shut down, the city will be badly affected as will my personal life. Everyone will have to survive without electricity and power of any kind. It will probably take me a long while to get back home. Our sun is quite common in the universe and is not at all unique. It is basically a ball of plasma of average size. Trillions of other stars of the same size as the sun and even bigger than it are scattered around the universe. Stars also produce their own light, just like the sun produces its own light. This makes the sun very common. However, what makes the sun unique among other stars in the galaxy is the fact that the sun is closer to the earth than any other star in the galaxy. Also, no other star can compete with the temperature of the sun. Light from the sun reaches us within minutes, while light from others stars can take years to reach the earth. Stars compose heavier elements from lighter elements by their fusion during their lives. These elements are then thrown out of stars into space and they form new stars. Humans have these heavier elements within them. Our earth and the remaining universe are also made out of these elements which came from stars. So, we are in a sense made up of star stuff. This means that our origin is related to elements heavier than hydrogen or helium. Those elements responsible for our origin and

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example Provision of safe care is one of the main aims of quality care. In my course project, a balanced scorecard is focused on reducing clinic wait times. In this regard, a balanced scorecard is used as a basis for quality improvement in all aspects of healthcare. There are many performance tools that can be used to monitor and manage quality improvements. I agree that performance prism is one of the performance measures. The needs of stakeholders are largely focused on quality. Utilizing performance tools links performance measures (Kaplan and Norton, 1992) and a result help identify problems areas that need improvement. I also agree with your discussion that performance prism combines processes, strategies, and capabilities and aligns them appropriately to meet the needs of all stakeholders. As postulated by the Balanced Scorecard (2012), quality improvement tools allows healthcare leaders or managers to view or look at their business in a range of perspectives. In your discussion, stakeholders perspective is clearly illustrated. In regard to stakeholders perspective, I concur that achieving a higher percentage of defect-free charts twenty four hours before surgery is of

The role of accounting system in the UK for motivation Dissertation

The role of accounting system in the UK for motivation - Dissertation Example Pertinently, accounting used to be a function that is merely focused on its ability to prepare financial statements to reflect the current state of the company to enable the manager of the latter to make sound decisions relative to their proper functioning. Nowadays, the accounting system has evolved to cater to one important function: to provide information necessary for business planning, decision-making and control. The importance of the accounting profession has been underscored by the dynamism and competitiveness of the business environment. In this regard, there is an utmost necessity for business strategies to focus on the development of various tools and models for the preparation of financial statements by which pertinent information are obtained. Accounting now is an essential part of strategic planning and control. In addition thereto, it is also through the development of accounting systems that the role of the accountants within a particular organisation is ensured. The importance of accounting systems is also underscored by the need to monitor the roles of accountants as they perform their functions (Broadbent and Laughlin 2005). Interestingly, literature has highlighted the presence of the so-called audit expectations gap wherein the accountants and auditors have not really been able to comply with the expectations of their financial users. Audit expectations gap is simply defined as that inconsistency between the manners by which the users of financial statements expect their accountants to perform their duties vis-a-vis the manner by which the latter actually complies with what expected from them. Succinctly, the presence of the audit expectations gap can be damaging to the entire profession. It has been stated that the audit expectations gap reduces the level of trust afforded by the users of financial statements to their accountants and auditors. The following are usually the expectations that the users of financial statements have with respe ct to their accountants: (1) the need for accountants to perform advisory roles, (2) the importance of undertaking designer roles, and (3) the need to fulfill executioner roles. On the other hand, in performing the audit function, the accountant is also expected to: (1) detect fraud, no matter how big or small it is; (2) to provide early detection signals that show the state of the company; most especially as regards to whether or not it is on the brink of bankruptcy; (3) to ensure independence in the auditing process; and lastly, (4) the need to prevent the material misstatements in the financial statements. It is therefore in this regard, that the need for accounting systems has been once again underscored as the former has the capacity to address the said deficiencies. The collapse of major corporations such as Enron due to financial scandals has likewise called for the betterment of the roles of the accountants. Evidently, the collapse of the said corporations has been brought a bout by the fact that it has failed to ensure the proper preparation of financial statements. In view of this, it has been suggested that the accounting process be incorporated within the Corporate Governance Initiatives to ensure accountability, transparency and better decision making. Hence, again, the development of accounting systems

Does Playing Violent Video Games Increase Aggressiveness Research Paper

Does Playing Violent Video Games Increase Aggressiveness - Research Paper Example Principal Investigator (PI) Information Name Maricel Walsh Relationship to NSU: Faculty Staff Student x Home Mailing Address (for students) 15420 SW 74th circle ct City/State/Zip: Miami, Fl 33193 Office Phone: 786 873 0511 Home Phone (for students): 305 752 7884 NSU Center/College/Dept: Farguhar College Behavioral Science Dept. NSU Email Address: wmaricel@nova.edu Fax: Co-Investigators (Co-I) Information (including faculty advisers): Co-Investigator 1 Co-Investigator 2 Co-Investigator 3 Name Todd Coy, Ph.D. Address Dept of Social and Behavioral Science Contract Phone Number Email Address Crandy@nova.edu Have the PI, Co-I, and any research assistants completed the NSU-designated human subject's research training (CITI Program) Yes X No If you answered yes, please include a copy of your training certificate. If you answered no to this question, please note that no IRB action may take place until proof of completion of training is provided. II. Funding Information Will this research be funded Yes No X If yes was indicated, please provide the following information: A. Source of Funding N/A_______________________________________________ B. Project Title (if different from above) ________________________________ C. Principal Investigator (if different from above) __________________________ D. Type of Application: Grant____ Subcontract_____ Contract_____ Fellowship______ E. Date of Submission ______________________ F. Grant Amount ___________________ Do any investigators have a significant financial interest (as defined by NSU policy: http://www.nova.edu/ogc/forms/ogc9906.pdf) in relation to this study Yes No X If you answered yes, please be sure to include within the...Please note, ONLY ONE copy of all research instruments (tests instruments, interview protocols, etc.) must be submitted. The completed package must be received by the OGC by the last business day of the month prior to the next scheduled IRB meeting. The IRB web site should be consulted for the meeting dates of the IRB. Incomplete forms will delay review by the IRB. For either type of review the pages of the packet must be numbered sequentially. For further information, refer to the Policy and Procedure Manual for Research with Human Subjects. If you answered yes, please include a copy of your training certificate. If you answered no to this question, please note that no IRB action may take place until proof of completion of training is provided. If you answered yes, please be sure to include within the description section of all applicable consent forms the following statement: "The principal investigator a

Does Culture, Motivation & Productivity affect value addition. The Literature review

Does Culture, Motivation & Productivity affect value addition. The case study upon ASK Italian Restaurant UK - Literature review Example Many of these scholars agree that employee recruitment and application of different management practices are mainly geared towards adding value to the particular business in question (Zamora 2003, p.17; Ulrich 2008, p. 21). Like any other business, ASK Italian restaurant is a business in which the managerial styles and work environment are made to be conducive purposefully to add value to the business. ASK Italian is a British casual dining restaurant chain that mainly serves Italian cuisine (food, wine and culture, to say the least) in different parts of UK (Empathica Develops 2012, p.9). ASK restaurants are situated in prime positions with each restaurant having a unique design to fit the setting (Italians got Everything 2010, p. 11). It must be noted in this regard that the setting together with the culture of the people around and the general productivity of the business affects greatly the value addition and the management practices of ASK businesses across UK. Value addition an d the customer care management practices when ejected in appropriate measure into the business makes the business stand out in the crowded world of competitors (Melling, 2008). Research done by Thomas and Kerr (2004) indicated that motivation level varies depending on the different functions in the workplace. According to Heinrichs (2013), Motivation can be categorized into either intrinsic motivation as referring to those motivations coming from the value of work for an individual. Or, on the other hand, can be extrinsic motivation, which are those motivations that originate from outside work itself. Differently put these are motivations coming from the desire to obtain an outcome independent of the work itself. The various functions in the work environment may include factors like evaluation, expectation, actual performance feedback, reward, autonomy or the very nature of the work itself (Tabassi, Mahyuddin and Abu 2007, p.145). In their

Choose one topic from the five questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose one topic from the five questions - Essay Example In addition, citizens in areas of China that were especially vulnerable to droughts and famine would have access to food in times of distress (De Barry and Bloom 623-624; Lecture Notes). Ever-Normal-Granaries in Practice The earliest regulatory framework implemented for the Ever-Normal-Granaries under the imperial government, required the construction of state storage facilities in each county. The granaries were under the management of local authorities. Storage capacity and grain actually stored were commensurate with population sizes. For example, a heavily populated county would store more bushels of grain than a county with a relatively smaller population. At the end of the fall harvest, grain could be purchased in counties where the price of grain was lower and therefore supplies were higher. In order to safeguard against the natural destruction of the grain, a predetermined amount of grain was put on the market at a lower price and subsequently replaced (De Barry and Bloom 624 ; Lecture Notes). In regions where agriculture was by far the most important and perhaps the only source of food and economics, additional measures were taken. Grain was used to subsidize loans to peasant farmers who experienced a shortage in food and grain seeds (De Barry and Bloom 624-625; Lecture Notes). In other words, the collateral for a loan was the promise by the debtor of a specific quota in grain production at some time in the future. To this end, the Ever-Normal-Granaries in practice, was a system intended to keep the masses in food supply as a means of providing an incentive and a relief fund, for the production of grain. A charitable granary was also established pursuant to the Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucian philosophy (De Barry and Bloom 748). This neo-Confucian philosophy emphasized the duty of the wealthy to contribute toward the welfare of the poor and was thus a strategy for the alleviation of poverty. During good harvest times, all cities were required to set up ch aritable granaries. Farmers were expected to make contributions of rice and wheat commensurate with their crop and store the rice and wheat in the charitable granary. City officials were responsible for collecting the grain donations and in lean times were required to make the grain available to those who needed it the most, but could not afford to pay for it (De Barry and Bloom 748). The Logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries According to De Barry and Bloom, the Ever-Normal-Granaries was designed to ensure the fair distribution of the country’s food supplies (624). For example, if a county with approximately 10,000 families had 1,000 bushels of grain stored and put those stored grains to market when prices increased, the price of grain would become stabilized. Logically, when grain prices are stable, there is enough grain for everyone. As De Barry and Bloom explain: There is no hoarding of grain by some while others beg for food, no pursuing and pressing by the headman of the vi llage to make people pay back their loans (624). The logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries was not merely informed by the need to alleviate poverty. The logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries was also informed by moral reasoning. According to Mencius, one of the first important Confucius followers, the youth tended to behave themselves during the good years and were more inclined

Directing a scene from A View From The Bridge Essay Example for Free

Directing a scene from A View From The Bridge Essay A view from the bridge is a play written by Arthur Miller in 1955. Arthur Miller was born in New York in 1915 and has written over 18 well known plays, some of which have won various awards. A view from the bridge was one of his first plays. This play is based in America in the 1950s when immigrants were coming into America from Italy by the big ships on the water-front. Immigration was illegal so immigration officers set up posts to try and find the immigrants, therefore immigrants had to stay low to avoid being caught and often had to stay at relatives houses. I will be directing the scene from page 55-58 when Eddie teaches Rodolpho how to box. I have chosen this scene because it is the first scene Eddie gets physical with Rodolpho. I feel this is a very important scene because the relationship between Eddie and Rodolpho has not been good throughout the play, this scene also creates a lot of tension as the audience want to see if the fight develops and how Rodolpho will react to Eddie boxing with him. Before this scene the relationship between Eddie and Rodolpho has been very rocky. Eddie does not think very much of him because he can sing and dance, from the very first time he met Rodolpho he didnt like his singing and became a bit jealous as Catherine instantly took a shine to Rodolpho. Catherine was very kind to Rodolpho from the very first time she saw him. P. 29Come here, sit down, Ill get you some soup. She is being very kind considering Marco and Rodolpho are strangers, where as Eddie is a bit more apprehensive towards them both, especially Rodolpho. An example of this is on page 32 when Rodolpho starts to sing Paper Doll. Everyone is enjoying his singing apart from Eddie. Hey, kid-hey, wait a minute- Eddie jumps in to stop him. After the boxing scene the relationship deteriates between Eddie and Rodolpho and Marco. This scene is important because it is the turning point as Marco shows his strength through lifting a chair with one hand, yet Eddie (up till now) has been the character in control but can not lift the chair unlike Rodolpho. I think this scene sets the tone for the rest of the play because Eddie changes from Mr. Cool. To someone who is no longer in control of everything. He is now suddenly no longer in full control of Catherine which is someone he loves wants to control. At the start of the scene I am going to direct there is a lot of tension in the room between Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine as Catherine asks Rodolpho to dance. I would show the shock of Eddie as his Catherine is dancing with someone else by getting him to freeze on the spot and look over casually (but obviously so the audience can see and understand his shock) to Beatrice and Marco to see what they think, and to see if they are also shocked. As Beatrice says Go ahead, dance, Rodolpho. Eddie would put his drink of whisky in his hand, swill it around and sit down watching Rodolphos every move. As Beatrice tries to make conversation I would get her to say it once or twice to make it look as if Eddie is so involved in watching Rodolpho. He would then say a sharp and quick Yes! to convey he is not interested in what she is saying but only in their dance. I would use white lighting to light up the dance and a dull light would fill the rest of the room. When Marco talks about Rodolpho being a cook as well a red light to show anger would then shine brightly on Eddie as he stands up and then talks loudly and says, Hes a cook too! The red light would then fade as Eddie cools down to show the audience his anger is fading. In Rodolphos defense Catherine will quickly reply They get some high pay them guys. The head chefs in all the big hotels are men. You read about them. They will carry on dancing, Rodolpho showing a bit of anxiety by looking at Marco in a confused way. Eddie then stands up and starts to talk about how the dock is no place for Rodolpho. Beatrice looks away as if she is ashamed Eddie is saying this. Catherine and Rodolpho stop dancing and start to listen to Eddie, Catherine giving looks of worry towards Beatrice. The main spotlight shines on Eddie so the audience can see this is an important part for Eddie. When Eddie gets near to the end of his speech because he is trying to make Rodolpho see he should levee he starts to swill his glass too much and then spills bits of it. Realizing Eddie is making a bit of a fool of himself he freezes, sits down and offers to take Rodolpho to a boxing match. Catherine who is somewhat shocked by Eddies quick change of heart, she shows this to the audience by to Beatrice then offering to make coffee. As he asks Rodolpho if he has ever done any boxing before he puts his cigar and whisky down as this will make the audience aware he is going to get up. The audience are now aware of Eddie and his explosive anger and know he does not like Rodolpho, the audience are aware he is going to try something funny. As he asks Rodolpho to box Beatrice will try to cool Eddie off and try to get him to sit back down, in reply to this Eddie says Beatrice step aside, let the man learn how to box if that is what he wishes, you are a real man right? This line puts pressure onto Rodolpho as he wants to be seen as a man and especially by Eddie, so he accepts the offer. Beatrice then backs off and lets Eddie teach Rodolpho how to box. Rodolpho is a bit embarrassed, as he doesnt know what to do. Eddie teaches him slowly, then Rodolpho begins to get the hang of it and they go at a faster pace. Eddie encourages Rodolpho as if he actually wants Rodolpho to hit him. Beatrice sees no harm and comments on how well Rodolpho is doing. Tension is starting to be created in the audience and there is also some dramatic irony because the audience know Eddie is going to do something. Eddie is now practically telling Rodolpho to hit him. Catherine enters the room and she is shocked at what she sees so rushes off to Beatrice and demands to know what is going on. Eddie then says youve had a good crack at me, now let me have a go at you! Rodolpho is just about to say something when Eddie hits him lightly around the cheeks and warns Rodolpho to be ready at all times, he then throws a second quick punch and connects it to Rodolphos face. Rodolpho is pushed back by the shock but just mildly hurt. At the time of the punch Marco is blocking the audiences view of Rodolpho and Eddie actually hits Rodolphos hand, it will still make the same sort of sound but the audience will not know Rodolpho wasnt really hit. The audience is stunned. Catherine runs over to Rodolpho to see if he is alright. Eddie quickly says Your alright, you couldnt be hurt by a blow like that could you? Again this puts pressure on Rodolpho to answer no, he replies No, Im fine, honestly. He staggers over to a chair with Catherine comforting him. Beatrice then calls over Eddie, she scolds him as if he was a small child and warns him not to do anything like that again. Beatrice and Eddie break the silence by once again telling Rodolpho how well he did. Marco stands and calls over to Eddie Eddie, How strong are you? Fairly strong, why? Eddie replies, interested. Think you can lift this here chair? Eddie is confused so he goes over to Marco. Catherine and Rodolpho start to dance to Paper Doll. Once again. Marco says Watch me. He then gets down onto one knee and strains but manages to lift the chair with one hand. He stands up with the chair and looks directly into Eddies eyes as if challenging his power and strength. Eddie all most laughs as Marco asks him to lift the chair up. Everyone has stopped what they are doing and are now watching Eddie. Eddie clutches the chair and strains but cannot lift the chair. Eddies face turns from smiling to disbelieve. Eddie stands and says Oh eerr never new that about a chair, good party trick that Marco. Marco then replies Yes it is but only if you can do it. Marco says this deadly seriously as if he is teasing Eddie because he couldnt do it. Everyone on set freezes and curtain falls.

The Isolation of Bacteria from Sewage water

The Isolation of Bacteria from Sewage water The Isolation of Bacteria from Sewage water for the decomposition of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic films Chapter I- Introduction BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Plastic is lightweight, durable and impermeable. These qualities have made plastic a preferable material for society. But the abundant production of plastic due to the great demand of society means an excessive deal of disposal as well. The use of these lightweight, inexpensive materials are as single-use items that will go to the garbage dump within a year, where they’ll persist for centuries. This imposes a threat to the health of people, animals, and the environment. Most plastic bags are made from polyethylene (PE) which is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene (Burd, 2008). A molecule of Polyethylene is made up of a long chain of carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is one kind of Polyethylene material that is used for making plastic products such as shopping bags, shampoo bottles, etc. (Freudenrich, Ph.D, 2011). HDPE plastic bags have a high melting point and tensile strength, making it difficult to be decomposed, which is a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment. Wastewater comes from two major sources: human sewage and process waste from manufacturing industries. Waste water treatment involves containing naturally occurring bacteria and microbes at a high concentration in tanks to form active sludge. The bacteria in the sludge feed on the carbon molecules from the waste in order to grow, thus, cleansing the waste water (Davies B.Sc, Ph.D, 2005) Previous studies have also shown that plastics that end up in landfills degrade due to certain types of carbon-thriving bacterium that break down the plastic into simpler and safer forms such as water and alcohol. Since High Density Polyethylene plastic is basically made up of carbon molecules, and sewage water contains various bacterium that are used for wastewater treatments it can be concluded that certain bacterium in sewage water can be utilized in degrading HDPE plastic bags. GENERAL PROBLEM What is the effect of the isolated bacteria from the sewage water to the HDPE plastic in terms of weight? SUB PROBLEMS 1. How many types of decomposing bacteria can be found in the sewage water? 2. What would be the most effective decomposing bacteria for HDPE plastic that may be found in sewage water? 3. How much weight loss will HDPE plastic have with the help of these decomposing bacteria? OBJECTIVES 1. To identify and isolate the PE- degrading bacteria in sewage water. 2. To discover a way to utilize bacteria in decomposing plastic waste. 3. To identify strains of bacteria that is not considered as PE degrading bacteria SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study shows the importance of the presence of bacteria in sewage water. It may not be the reason for people to avoid the contamination of bodies of water but it may be an assurance that HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic films will degrade through the existence and exposure of cultured bacteria in sewage water. The strains of bacteria will be isolated and identified then will be used to decompose plastic and make sure that the strain of bacteria is the main cause for its degradation and weight loss. It is common knowledge to know that PE degrading bacteria are present in landfill but there are questions to people if PE degrading bacteria are consistently present in bodies of water, and if the strains of bacteria that inhabit water largely affect the decomposition of plastic films, these questions will be answered after the experimentation. The study can be more interesting if the resulting isolated bacteria are not described as PE degrading bacteria. It will be a new disco very because the identified bacteria will be considered as a new medium for decomposition. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS In the said study, the researchers are focused in isolating bacteria and using it as a decomposer of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic bags. They are limited to utilizing samples from sewage water, with the assumption that it contains various kinds of microorganisms, as a source of the bacteria that they will need in decomposing the said plastic. The researchers are also limited to using High-density Polyethylene bags which is known for its high density and strong tensile strength. Furthermore, due to its high density, this kind of plastic is not easily decomposed making it as a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment. Chapter II- Review of Related Literature Plastic Plastic is a lightweight, impermeable and durable material. It has many uses to society most commonly for packaging and storage. It is presented in a variety of ways depending on the mixture and the chemical bonds. The chemical bonds of plastic make it slow down the degrading process making the high production of this material harmful to the environment. It is harmful especially when it is not disposed properly. Most plastics have organic polymers. Most of these polymers have either chains of carbon dioxide alone or with oxygen, sulphur and or nitrogen. Polyethylene Polyethylene is the most common plastic used today. Approximately 80 million tons of it is produced yearly. Its main use is for packaging. It commonly has a long carbon chain with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in the chain. It is chemically synthesized from ethylene, which is a compound usually made from petroleum or natural gas. HDPE When there are no long chains of polyethylene branching from the carbon atoms the polyethylene is now classified as linear polyethylene. It is more costly than LDPE but even though it is costly it is sturdier. Linear polyethylene is made by a procedure called Ziegler-Natta Polymerization. Water Water has the chemical equation H2O. It covers 71% of the earth’s surface. It is in liquid form at standard pressure and temperature. Water is also a necessity of all biotic forms in the earth. Water moves continually through the water cycle. Sewage Water Sewage water is carried waste in the form of solution or suspension. It is from man’s waste from his daily activities. Classes of sewage include sanitary, commercial, industrial, agricultural and surface runoff. The wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying body wastes (primarily feces, urine and semen), washing water, food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living, are classed as domestic or sanitary sewage. Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments serving the immediate community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary or domestic sewage category if their characteristics are similar to household flows. Wastes that result from an industrial process or the production or manufacture of goods are classed as industrial wastewater. Their flows and strengths are usually more varied, intense, and concentrated than those of sanitary sewage. Surface runoff, also known as storm flow or overland flow, is that portion of precipitation that runs rapidly over the ground surface to a defined channel. Precipitation absorbs gases and particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials from vegetation and soil, suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban streets and highways, and carries all these pollutants as wastes in its flow to a collection point. Bacteria Bacteria are from the Kingdom of Prokaryotes. They are very abundant in the earth and are one of the very first life forms to exist. Usually a few millimetres long and are spherical, rod or spiral in form. They may be found in almost every habitat. They play a big role in recycling nutrients like in the conversion of compounds and in the fixation of nitrogen. These bacteria can adapt to environmental conditions very well and survive wherever they are placed. CHAPTER III- MATERIALS AND METHODS In making this experiment, the researchers must prepare the following materials the sample bottle must be prepared for the collection of sewage water. It has to be properly labeled to avoid misuse/confusion. The researchers will get the plastic films from a plastic processor and distributor. The next steps would be with a help of a certified scientist. In the isolation of the bacteria, either way for a dilute sample such as water you would probably have to concentrate the sample. It is best to have a few liters of sample. First filter out the particulate matter with a 20 uM filter, then you can use water sampling nitrocellulose filter disc of 0.2 um. This probably needs a vacuum pump to draw the water through. You can then rinse this disc or swab it with a moist swab and use a series of dilutions to inoculate agar plates. Take a 10 ul drop and spread it out over the agar plate using a sterilized spreader. The agar i use for water samples is mostly very dilute in nutrients so that I do not have an overgrowth of one type of bacteria. I have used 1/5th strength nutrient agar, that is the nutrients do not dilute the agar strength. There are a whole variety of water based agars but the ISP2 media diluted to 1/4 strength was one of the best.. You can also take some of the waste water and filter it and use it for making wastewater agar to see if this will produce any colonies or try adding a very small amount of diluted nutrients. As above you can also use a host of diagnostic agars to see if there are any particular groups of organisms in the water. Another factor is the temperature of incubation. This is probably the best temperature to isolate the most organisms. Use room temperature incubati on or 10C incubation to isolate the widest variety of organisms. If you use 37C you will probably only select out a few organisms. The researchers may try some under anaerobic conditions also if they have anaerobic jars. Generally at low temperatures colonies might not develop for a few weeks, so after a day you might have to wrap your plates with parafilm or keep them in moist conditions to prevent them drying out. 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